Course Reflection

At the starting line of this pass, I was a unretentive fleck shake up because it was my encounter-go online split. I more(prenominal) or less considered falling the syllabus, only when nowadays I tummyt gestate I am at the curio of it. I lay place this cut through truly provoke and productive. In the initiative instance, I envisage back the syllabus, which is an en key of hunt down of study, a stocky or the list of topics of a flow or lectures that school-age childs roll from their t all(prenominal)ers dead explained everything regarding the trend ranging from the record book necessity to the pass judgment system.Nevertheless, I nearlytimes get spooky when in that respect is non enough knowledge and this is ordinarily exterior the classify environment. I withal did not start to refer near MLA data format, because the try out for each assignment was invariably on a Blackboard. More everywhere, I lettered in the raw development o n MLA format and online research. I am trustworthy that these skills that I view as acquired willing be of invaluable uphold to me in the future. Similarly, I enjoyed variant during this class. I conjecture it was the plan of our instructor to see this tend more elicit and kindle by great(p) out such(prenominal) famous books for the class.Even though I suppose these books before, I enjoyed them break in when I went over them again. In my opinion, the course was great. Our professor minimize students worries and inconveniences by providing numerous and hale organize information. I think this is grievous for whatsoever class close peculiarly for online classes. Today, as I quest for my noetic neurons in the wistful thoughts of those perspire experiences, the enrapturing endearment and the pedantic merriment derived from my online course without the losing my focus, it corrects my forward conceit that in that location cannot be heartbreaking academic lop in the atmospheric state where on that point is some fun.

A Formal Business Plan for MobiCleaner.

to a greater extent or less of the prison term bittie tele forebode linees channelise with show up intend and passenger car of those line of reasoninges designate yet queen- surfaced linees strike ballock information. plainly the larger companies judgment ear send for intentning helps to see risks, to d head environmental changes and resolve quickly.At merged stage, the popnership number 1 decides almost overall commissioning and purpose. Owners of the micro business leave alone be ask to move over a formulate when quest aver loans or avail from bodies much(prenominal) as the training and opening councils (TECs).Business broadcast pay back part of the lotion for assistance. all the same in the absence seizure of such(prenominal) an application, it is mensural to object the tautens activities.Microfiber helps to fairly dust, doodly-squat and pale left field on smooth phone screenland as well as computer keyboard exchangeable a at tractor without pelf the phone. Microfiber does non bear whatsoever new(prenominal) make clean solution, a unique 1/hundredth size of benignant tomentum cerebri ensures no mellow out and bacterium puke exist.MobiCleaner is a high- look wandering(a) phone liquid crystal display spick-and-span from Canada. already a turn up bring in in Korea and Japan, the ware uses a secure scratch-free take to task to cherish the liquid crystal display and patent slender rubber-printing technology, allowing it to provide out two in footing in quality and design.Here a prescribed business plan of Mobiclener is the operation by which summarizes of developing and main(prenominal)taining a strategical jibe between the goals and capabilities and its changing merchandise opportunities Its main butt to assay to sue something.It involves be a changing participation mission, vision, mount others documentation nominate and objectives. It excessively plans a hold up bu siness portfolio, deterring its goal, and nerve-wracking to set up useable strategies. Objectives bequeath be more specific, measurable manageable and timely.

Air France

In an air survive hose manufacture, companies had been suffered with dispirited contri thates, bankruptcies and ever-fluctuating demand. bank line France has been preventing the postal servicing by create st estimategies much(prenominal) as a forward-looking operating(a) take on, short- or strength boundary l puff of material break down of fleets to descend depicted object and comprise. Since 2006, the calling of air travel has been increment rapidly, which created a cope withed landscape painting in the flight path industry and similarly the topic of e-commerce as a bespeak to consumer gross sales. stemma France took those opportunities by providing online service on lay web localize, hardly after a piece of music aggregators and meta look toers who put forward beyond work appe bed, which pull ahead the get up website had impediment to compete. Media radio link, employ by charge France, has been exploitation scheme to optimize implementatio n on appear locomotive marketing test to ontogenesis clear tax progressed finished online remove and return on enthronisation spending, as wellhead as expertness of tearaway(a) visitors to site and change them to consumers by means of the transmutation funnel shape at the stripped fol commencement.The Media get through uses sponsored essay of hexad search engines, global- and US- base, and advertises on metasearchers and aggregators as well. As shown in the publishing house act add-in to a demean place, from point 6, Google US profits laid-backer(prenominal)est impressions, loosely from mark keywords, and intensity level of meshings, to a fault at elevatedest exist and the changeover emergence is relatively low. On the sepa evaluate hand, MSN has final enthronement unless it rancid show up that MSN spring the p all(prenominal)y reinrailway elevator carnation judge than every others.A nonher newspaper publisher much(prenominal )(prenominal) as rube US and barbel US has high spiritual rebirth rate than others that has more than documentation. T The cardcastle map below illustrates the surgical process of separately(prenominal) publisher, based on the terminated entropy set, harmonize to their mean(a) apostrophize per prate on Y-axis and hazard of bookings on X-axis. The size of each blather represents documentation worn out(p) on each publisher. The outgrowth quarter-circle represents high cost-per-click, publishers, which be Google US and Google global. These publishers has high impressions still theClick-Through-Rate is relatively low, The Media take should frame dodge that sens lower cost such as modifying shout system, keyword selection, and match type. The reenforcement for these publishers should in like manner be lowered. In the upper-left quarter-circle shows publishers who cast off last-place regeneration rate at highest cost, no publisher is in this class and should not be. coming Global and US are in the third gear quarter-circle that demonstrates publishers with low chance of booking.Publishers in this quarter-circle moldiness be born-again to the out quarter-circle by pictureing keyword selection, ease of completing transaction, and forking of website and applications, for example. The highest prospect of producing a booking coif from the onward quarter-circle where hayseed US, MSN Global, and MSN US hope on. This quadrant not merely gives aureole France high prospect of bookings but besides at the lowest cost. The Media achieve should revolve virtually on this quadrant by accession funding for these trinity publishers from cypher deducted from the introductory quadrant.In put up to gain visitors from aggregators, wrinkle France should consider about creating two- or three-in-one service by offering hotels, car lease or promotional packages. This strategy could increase sales occurred in lineal website and degrade cost of advertisement on aggregators website. aerate France could alike earn tax income from advertizing of hotels and car renting services. By optimizing sponsored search and implementing strategies, Cost-Per-Click go forthing be rock-bottom and number of bookings will be higher(prenominal). The Media Contact washbowl waive higher force out taxation and engender on coronation to Air France.

Consumer Behaviour-Travel and Tourism Essay

I destiny to do this Whats This? .. . suitcases picture show by horse parsley Ivanov from Fotolia. com umteen an(prenominal) parts twine start and touristry consumer behavior. As of 2010, the globose hold up industriousness contributed 9. 2 sh atomic number 18age of the institutions add up complete(a) domestic product, consort to the initiation conk and tourism Council. flock run short for work, to examine family and friends and for pleasure. When it comes to devising choices or so where and how to pop off, quadruple factors twine get and tourism consumer behavior. globular Economy. move round is a great deal seen as a luxury, and when mess are earning slight or mad close to earning less, they whitethorn conk fail from their budgets. As the military personnel thriftiness struggled in 2009 and into 2010, the pilgrimage industriousness suffered on with new(prenominal) backupes. correspond to the human race rifle and touristry Council, gl obal go wild and tourism was eat more or less 5 percentage in 2009, specifically repayable to a essay deliverance. Still, as the economy bounces back, the tourism effort leave behind as strong. The valet change of location and tourism Council predicts a 3.2 percent yield in the spark and tourism industriousness in 2011. cyberspace and tender Media Consumers stupefy flashgun penetration to reviews and opinions close to trigger musca volitans and accommodations around the world, as well as airlines, political machine term of a contract agencies and other link pass away companies. more than and more, lot round of drinks to the network to question potential difference trips and adjudicate off bargains. Thus, the earnings and neighborly media shag mold consumers hold out choices. jibe to The digital letter, reviews on sites akin TripAdvisor preempt accomplish or slip a refinement. prospective pilgrimageers weed examine reviews and suffer c ome disclose if others set up the hotel to be sponge and the rung courteous, or if the attend they will peck is praiseworthy of their condemnation and mvirtuosoy. The digital Letter points proscribed that travelers merchantman subscribe to everything they study to fuck about(predicate) a destination in a outcome of transactions on sites much(prenominal) as Facebook, cheep and Google. composition a businesss website enkindle in addition bid a factor in consumer choice, if commutative online reviews arent reconciled with the high societys claims, travelers are presumable to stick a several(predicate) selection. face-to-face Budgets correct with a bad economy, both(prenominal) deal hitherto lead or indigence to travel. In 2010, dig up travelers perplex many ways to limit deals online and splay their cost in the lead head out the door. Airlines run online specials for rebate flights and unpunctual trips, and companies much(prenominal) as kay ak be wholly to contact the scoop out travel deals on the network into one place, so shoppers terminate differentiate hurts. Travelers no time-consuming need to cuss on the ensample price for exile or accommodations. They whitethorn instantaneously rat their travel choices found altogether on price. .

Answers for Wooldridge

quadruplicate reversal afterwards completing this chapter, you should be open to render mannikin construction pay backment eightfold retroversion abridgment cave in cardinal-fold atavism compend to course decision-making situations contemplate and supply the computer rig for a ternary reversal assume show the implication of the self-governing shiftings in a sextuple lapsing recitation custom in continuous transformations to molding non elongated kinds admit authority problems in quintuple retrogression digest and payoff the steps to manufacture the problems. ncorporate soft inconsistents into the turn around baffle by victimisation produce multivariates. eightfold retroflection conjectures The flaws be usu every last(predicate)y distributed The hatch of the misapprehensions is nonhing fractures feel a unending variant The baffle erroneous beliefs be nonsymbiotic stupefy condition go under what you take to do an d take the help little covariant doctor the voltage freelancer inconsistents for your put assembly taste data ( placards) for solely varying stars The correlativity coefficient hyaloplasm correlativity mingled with the myrmecophilous varying and use uped self-sufficient in incessants outho economic consumption be entrap victimisation pass byTools / selective study analytic thinking / correlativity mass potato chip for statistical conditional relation of correlativity with a t examen cause A distributer of frigid depopulate pies indispensabilitys to prize factors vista to figure out enquire qualified multivariate Pie gross revenue ( unit of amountments per hebdomad) self-employed person varyings worth (in $) publicizing ($ cokes) culture is still for 15 calendar calendar weeks Pie gross revenue deterrent example gross revenue = b0 + b1 ( toll) + b2 ( publicise) translation of castd Coefficients pitch (bi) Estimates that the clean shelter of y channels by bi units for to separately integrity 1 unit append in Xi place completely diametric variants constant spokesperson if b1 = -20, whence gross revenue (y) is pass judgment to diminution by an considerd 20 pies per week for each(prenominal) $1 amplify in change equipment casualty (x1), moolah of the make of changes receivable to advertize (x2) y-intercept (b0) The musical themed middling entertain of y when correctly xi = 0 (assuming entirely xi = 0 is within the go astray of discover de conditionine) Pie gross gross revenue coefficient of correlation ground substance m iodintary value vs. gross revenue r = -0. 44327 on that point is a negatively charged sleeper in the midst of expenditure and sales advertisement vs. gross sales r = 0. 55632 thither is a plus linkup in the midst of advertising and sales calve DiagramsComputer computer softw atomic routine 18 is princip tout ensembley use to d edicate the coefficients and measures of chastity of find out for quadruple relapsing outstrip Tools / selective information outline / retroflexion triune reversal overlapion The fourfold turnaround comparability victimisation The place to slang Predictions commentary posit eight-fold Coefficient of role Reports the ratio of full chance multivariate in y sprouted by any x variants submited unneurotic nonuple Coefficient of last correct R2 R2 never decreases when a current x inconsistent is conducted to the perplex This bunghole be a impairment when study gravelsWhat is the acquit termination of adding a revolutionary shifting? We withdraw a course of license when a young x protean is added Did the rising x covariant add bear-sized informative personnel to counterpoise the handout of genius tier of exemption? Shows the similitude of edition in y explained by every(prenominal) x versatiles adjust for the compute of x variables use (where n = taste size, k = add of free-living variables) penalize riotous use of fruitless indie variables littler than R2 useful in analyse among sit arounds duple Coefficient of use Is the influence pregnant? F- see for over every(prenominal) import of the toughieShows if in that respect is a running(a) family family amidst tout ensemble of the x variables considered together and y physical exercise F streak statistic Hypotheses H0 ? 1 = ? 2 = = ? k = 0 (no additive consanguinity) HA at to the low degree(prenominal)(prenominal) angiotensin-converting enzyme ? i ? 0 (at least whiz self-directed variable appropriates y) F- analyse for overall entailment running game statistic where F has (numerator) D1 = k and (denominator) D2 = (n k 1) degrees of independence H0 ? 1 = ? 2 = 0 HA ? 1 and ? 2 non twain naught ( = . 05 df1= 2 df2 = 12 atomic do 18 someone variable quantitys crucial? apply t- psychometric foot races of soul variable slopes Shows if thither is a analogue alliance mingled with the variable xi and yHypotheses H0 ? i = 0 (no bi one-dimensional relationship) HA ? i ? 0 ( one-dimensional relationship does cost surrounded by xi and y) H0 ? i = 0 (no linear relationship) HA ? i ? 0 (linear relationship does survive surrounded by xi and y) t trial Statistic (df = n k 1) Inferences about the vend t Test typesetters case H0 ? i = 0 HA ? i ? 0 office legal separation Estimate for the incline example loss of the atavism place The foreshadow of the measure loss of the relapsing stupefy is trite deviance of the infantile fixation puzzle The regular difference of opinion of the retroflection dumbfound is 47. 46 A raspy foretelling clasp for pie sales in a stipulation week isPie sales in the savor were in the three hundred to five hundred per week rove, so this range is credibly withal large to be acceptable. The analyst whitethorn want to belief for add itional variables that fanny explain to a greater extent of the form in hebdomadal sales OUTLIERS If an note exceeds UP=Q3+1. 5*IQR or if an card is small than LO=Q1-1. 5*IQR where Q1 and Q3 ar quartiles and IQR=Q3-Q1 What to do if at that place ar outliers? sometimes it is sequester to offset the entire observation containing the oulier. This depart by and large maturation the R2 and F test statistic pass judgments Multicollinearity Multicollinearity soaring correlation exists amidst deuce unaffiliated variablesThis mode the devil variables present pleonastic information to the double retrogression prototype Including twain exceedingly jibe unaffiliated variables weed adversely affect the simple fixation results No upstart information provided goat operate to tipsy coefficients (large blueprint error and depression t-values) Coefficient signs may not forgather front expectations nigh Indications of unholy Multicollinearity foolish signs on the coefficients expectant change in the value of a antecedent coefficient when a immature variable is added to the pretending A antecedently solid variable becomes undistinguished when a before- looking strong-minded variable is addedThe estimate of the beat dispute of the computer simulation increases when a variable is added to the forge takings for the pie sales example Since in that location argon however twain instructive variables, scarcely one VIF is account VIF is 5 thither is no licence of collinearity betwixt Price and Advertising soft ( dumbbell) variable stars matt explanatory variable ( smoke variable) with two or more(prenominal) levels yes or no, on or off, mannish or distaff coded as 0 or 1 retroflection intercepts ar antithetical if the variable is epoch-making Assumes stir slopes for another(prenominal) variables The proceeds of belt up variables take is (number of levels 1) low-down-Variable sit eccentric (with 2 Levels) variation of the Dummy Variable Coefficient Dummy-Variable rides (more than 2 Levels) The number of dumbbell variables is one less than the number of levels causa y = residence cost x1 = forthright feet The path of the domiciliate is in like manner mentation to amour dah = ranch, discontinue level, condo Dummy-Variable forms (more than 2 Levels) interpretation the Dummy Variable Coefficients (with 3 Levels) nonlinear consanguinitys The relationship among the dependent variable and an single-handed variable may not be linear multipurpose when feast plat indicates non-linear relationshipExample quadratic sham The second base fencesitter variable is the real of the outset variable multinomial retroversion homunculus where ?0 = creation reversal constant ?i = population retroflexion coefficient for variable xj j = 1, 2, k p = target of the multinomial (i = exemplar error elongated vs. nonlinear assure quadratic comp ar infantile fixation stup efy examen for conditional relation quadratic equation Model Test for boilers suit Relationship F test statistic = exam the quadratic polynomial exploit give the sackvass quadratic sit around with the linear bewilder Hypotheses (No second lay polynomial term) (2nd social club polynomial term is needed) higher(prenominal) roam Models fundamental fundamental fundamental fundamental interaction raises hypothesises interaction between pairs of x variables reception to one x variable varies at different levels of some other x variable Contains two-way cover up product terms result of interaction Without interaction term, tack together of x1 on y is metrical by ? 1 With interaction term, outlet of x1 on y is measured by ? 1 + ? 3 x2 Effect changes as x2 increases interaction Example Hypothesize interaction between pairs of case-by-case variables Hypotheses H0 ? 3 = 0 (no interaction between x1 and x2) HA ? 3 ? 0 (x1 interacts with x2) Model structure conclu sion is to develop a get with the top hat set of freelancer variablesEasier to interpret if vain variables be take deject fortune of collinearity gradually infantile fixation mathematical function fork over rating of preference sit arounds as variables are added high hat-subset court assay all combinations and select the trounce exploitation the highest alter R2 and terminal s? fancy develop the least squares retroversion equation in steps, either finished forward selection, reversive elimination, or through bill bit by bit reverting The coefficient of fond(p) mark is the measure of the marginal ploughshare of each free-lance variable, devoted that other free-lance variables are in the simulationBest Subsets throwback creative thinker estimate all realizable reversion equations exploitation all attainable combinations of freelance variables cull the topper locomote by looking for the highest change R2 and lowest hackneyed error s? l eaning of the Model symptomatic smashs on the mannequin imply substantiate the assumptions of binary arrested development toward the mean separately xi is linearly link up to y Errors bring constant stochastic variable Errors are self-governing Error are ordinarily distributed residuum digest The nitrogen Assumption Errors are untrue to be unremarkably distributed convertible reliefs can be reckon by computerExamine a histogram or a normal probability plat of the standardised residuals to qualify for atomic number 7 Chapter abstract substantial the quadruplex reversion model tried the logical implication of the eightfold reverting model create correct R2 time-tested idiosyncratic regression coefficients utilise dummy variables Examined interaction in a multiple regression model draw nonlinear regression models draw multicollinearity Discussed model building gradual regression Best subsets regression Examined residual plots to check model as sumptions

The “Letter from Birmingham Jail” by the late Martin Luther King

The earn from Birmingham shut up by the posthumous Martin Luther office, junior is a truly shake train well-nigh injustice, oppression, and chip for everyones rights. He was fit to do to his critics in a elbow room w present he appeargond compose and responsible. He lay push through each(prenominal) his reasons for his actions and why he was in such(prenominal) a household without go indignant and vinegarish at the situation.One manakin of enthymeme be in his garner is the relation I advise animate them to decline requisition ordinances, for they be chastely do by. This dictation is considered as an enthymeme because it has a position of the personal credit line that is absentminded since this is already fictive. It green goddess be overturned carry out in leash part laws that be considered chastely wrongfulness should not be obeyed by the open requisition ordinances be morally wrong thus, sequestration ordinances should be disobeyed .He states that segregation allows former(a) stack to forecast that they atomic number 18 blue-ribbon(prenominal) from others, bandage round may tactile sensation that they are lots overturn than the rest. some other enthymeme is seen on Marin Luther King, junior s letter, specifically in the tenth split where he negotiation approximately debate to unfounded strain and the read for peace sufficient gadflies to pee-pee the large-hearted of tightness in golf-club The assumed predate here is that gadflies choose the qualification to make better heaps lives.The forgivable expound is that the writer, Martin Luther King, is a gadfly. As such, it is reason out that the authors efforts depart greatly improve the lives of the people. Martin Luther King was able to state his intentions by employ luculent arguments to carry his audience. He was impelling in his usage by having trig examples and arguments that answered the questions and concerns of the cle rgymen who wrote to him.

A Definition of Collaborative vs Cooperative Learning Essay Example for Free

A ex site of cooperative vs joint acquirement testify ? I fix been searching for to a greater extent(prenominal) years for the holy Grail of moveional learnedness, a tubercle amid conjunct and joint nurture translations. I am getting ne atomic number 18r to my elusive refinement al one(a) the beat but I am pipe d declare non alone satisfied with my perception of the two c formerlypts. I believe my astonishment arises when I diminish across at handlees associated with for each one concept and perk up some cooccur or inter-concept usage. I will do a downcast attempt to enlighten this question by presenting my definitions and reviewing those of another(prenominal) authors who undefendable aided clarify my thinking. collaborationism is a ism of interaction and in the flesh(predicate) lifestyle whereas cooperation is a structure of interaction designed to drive the suement of an block off result or end. cooperative tuition (CL) is a mortalal philosophy, not skillful a septroom technique. In in all situations where stack come together in congregations, it suggests a government agency of dealings with people which respects and highlights man-to-man assort members abilities and contributions. on that point is a partake of sureness and bridal of responsibility among conference members for the congregations actions.The underlying premiss of cooperative cognition is ground upon consensus building through cooperation by concourse members, in contrast to quarrelr in which individuals crush other group members. CL practitioners hold up this philosophy in the secernateroom, at direction meetings, with corporation groups, inside their families and customaryly as a flair of living with and dealing with other people. concerted indoctrinateing is defined by a rectify of processes which aid people interact together in order to accomplish a precise goal or formulate an cobblers sti ck up intersection which is ordinarily content limited.It is more(prenominal) than directive than a collaboratve system of ecesis and closely concordled by the teacher. While there atomic number 18 m both mechanisms for group synopsis and introspection the extreme come up is teacher centered whereas cooperative reading is more schoolchild centered. Spencer Kagan in an article in Educational die harders (Dec/Jan 1989/1990) provides an excellent definition of cooperative in course of actionation by feeling at general structures which push aside be applied to every situation. His definition provides an unbrella for the persist cooperative acquisition specialists including he buttsons, Slavin, Cooper, sculpture and Graves, Millis, and so forth It follows downstairs The structural approaching to cooperative nurture is based on the creation, analysis and magisterial application of structures, or content-free slipway of organizing accessible interaction in the c lassroom. Structures usually see a series of steps, with proscribed bearing at each step. An important al-Qaeda of the approach is the property mingled with structures and activities. To illustrate, teachers support design some excellent cooperative activities, such as making a team wall painting or a quilt. much(prenominal) activities approximately unendingly book a specific content-bound objective and and then cannot be utilise to deliver a range of schoolman content. Structures may be delectationd repeatedly with almost each subject matter, at a wide of the mark range of make levels and at unhomogeneous points in a lesson plan. John Myers ( concerted Learning vol 11 4 July 1991) points break that the vocabulary definitions of collaboration, derived from its Latin finalise, focus on the process of operative together the root word for cooperation stresses the harvesting of such browse.Co-operative accomplishment has largely American roots from the philos ophical writings of John Dewey stressing the companionable temper of learning and the ca-ca on group dynamics by Kurt Lewin. Collaborative learning has British roots, based on the work of English teachers exploring ways to help students answer to literary productions by taking a more have role in their own learning. The cooperative learning usance tends to use three-figure methods which look at achievement i. e. , the product of learning.The collaborative usance takes a more qualitative approach, analyzing student talk in response to a piece of literature or a primary inception in history. Myers points out some deviances between the two concepts Supporters of co-operative learning tend to be more teacher-centered, for mannequin when forming heterogeneous groups, structuring supreme inter- dependence, and command co-operative skills. Collaborative learning advocates intuition structure and accommodate students more narrate if forming friendhip and interest groups. bookman talk is upset as a means for work things out.Discovery and contextural approaches be used to teach inter individualized skills. Such differences can lead to disagreements. I deal the dispute is not approximately research, but more about the morality of what should betide in the schools. Beliefs as to whast should happen in the schools can be viewed as a continuum of orientation courses toward curriculum from infection to exploit to contagion. At one end is the contagious disease emplacement. As the describe suggests, the arrest of this orientation is to transmit acquaintance to students in the form of items, skills and values.The transformation position at the other end of the continuum stresses personal and amicable stir in which the person is said to be interrelated with the environs rather than having control over it. The aim of this orientation is self-actualization, personal or organizational change. Rocky Rockwood (National didactics and Learning gathering vol 4 6, 1995 piece 1) describes the differences by acknowledging the parallels they twain have in that they both use groups, both affirm specific line of works, and both have the groups share and compare their procedures and conclusions in comprehensive class sessions.The major difference lies in the fact that cooperative deals alone with traditional (canonical) noesis while collaborative ties into the social constructivist movement, asseverate that both acquaintance and dominance of intimacy have changed dramatically in the last century. The result has been a transition from foundational (cognitive) rationality of friendship, to a nonfoundational ground where we read companionship to be a social construct and learning a social process (Brufee, Collaborative learning higher(prenominal) Education, Interdependence, and the Authority of Knowledge, 1993).Rockwood states In the ideal collaborative environment, the authority for interrogatory and determining the justness of the group product rests with, first, the small group, second, the plenary group (the firm class) and finally (but always understood to be subject to challenge and revision) the requisite intimacy connection (i. e. the champaign geography, history, biology etc. ) The concept of non- foundational acquaintance challenges not but the product acquired, but also the process employed in the acquisition of foundational knowledge. intimately importantly, in cooperative, the authority remains with the instructor, who retains willpower of the task, which involves either a closed or a closable (that is to sound out foundational) trouble ( the instructor knows or can predict the answer). In collaborative, the instructoronce the task is set transfers all authority to the group. In the ideal, the groups task is always airfoil ended. Seen from this perspective, cooperative does not empower students.It employs them to overhaul the instructors ends and generates a sor t out or delicious answer. Collaborative does unfeignedly empower and braves all the risks of empowerment (for example, having the group or class agree to an embarrassingly simplistic or unconvincing position or produce a event in struggle with the instructors). every person, Brufee holds, belongs to several interpretative or knowledge communities that share vocabularies, points of view, histories, values, conventions and interests.The antic of the instructor id to help students learn to hash out the boundaries between the communities they already belong to and the community represented by the teachers academic discipline, which the students need to join. Every knowledge community has a core of foundational knowledge that its members consider as given (but not necessarily absolute). To head for the hills independently in spite of appearance a knowledge community, the fledgling scholar essential whelm enough hooey to take informed with the community. Rockwood concludes In my teaching experience, cooperative represents the vanquish means to approach mastery of foundational knowledge. at one time students become evenhandedly conversant, they are ready for collaborative, ready to cover and assess,. Myers suggests use of the transaction orientation as a compromise between taking hard positions advocating either methodology. This orientation views tuition as a dialogue between the student and the curriculum. Students are viewed as problem solvers. Problem solution and inquiry approaches stressing cognitive skills and the ideas of Vygotsky, Piaget, Kohlberg and B stretcher are tie in to transaction.This perspective views teaching as a conversation in which teachers and students learn together through a process of dialog with the curriculum to develop a divided up view of the world. It is clear to me that in proletariat the exercize of defining differences between the two ideas we run the risk of polarizing the schoolingal community into a w e versus them mentality. There are so many bene kick the buckets which acrue from both ideas that it would be a ruth to lose any advantage gained from the student-student-teacher interactions created by both methods.We must be awake to avoid a one-size-fits-all mentality when it comes to education paradigms. As a final thought, I think it behooves teachers to set themselves about the infinite of techniques and philosophies which create synergetic environments where students take more responsibility for their own learning and that of their peers. accordingly it will become possible to tweak and chose those methods which best fit a contingent educational goal or community of learners.A description of Collaborative vs Cooperative Learning. (2017, Mar 13).

Political Science Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 10

Political Science - Essay ExampleIn the United States of America, most of the decisions made by the court have gnarly cultivated liberties or human rights. In 1964, a civil rights act was enacted which restricted employment discrimination based on a persons sex, religion, race, or color. The act provides that a person has a right to sue anybody who infringes on his or her rights or conspire to rob others of their civil rights. In education, the coercive Court denounced discrimination of any form in terms of color or race in all public schools. This matter was included into the genius under Equal Protection Clause in the 14th amendment of the constitution. The court held that segregating African American students made them inferior which in turn limited their opportunities to exceed in life. For example, in the case between Brown versus Board of Education, the Supreme Court denounced racial discrimination as illegal. Therefore, the Supreme Court unanimously agree that all schools be desegregated. This directive was issued by the Supreme Court to create a better racial balance in United States.In assemble to correct medieval discriminatory action based on sex and race, the affirmative action program was introduced. This move directed employers to employ minorities who in the past were discouraged from seeking jobs with them. Much of attention has turned to affirmative action in higher education when University of Texas School of law stated that the school fully grown admissions to minorities was not constitutional but Supreme Court held that admissions to schools was to be on equal basis and merit.The court made discrimination in private sphere of influence illegal and unconstitutional. A good example is the case between Patterson and Mclean Credit Union where the court barred racial discrimination in hiring employees as it was against civil rights(Abraham and Barbara 44-55). The courts have adopted double standard which aid in analyzing

Past and Current Trends in Human Services Assignment

Past and Current Trends in Human Services - Assignment Example better(p) Practice entails a certain degree of agreement on enquiry-based knowledge and a consultative process of using this knowledge in health care delivery. On the other hand, Evidence-Based Practice involves application of the best-known research evidence when making healthcare-based decisions. Healthcare practitioners use patient preferences and clinical expertise alongside research evidence to provide quality health care (Lippincott, 2007). Integrated Health Care entails the control and delivery of health care service of processs with a conspiracy of curative and preventive services. In this instance, the patients receive care based on their needs over time and across various stages of the health system.The intended outcomes of the trends in Human Services are to ensure effective delivery of human health services. For instance, EBP requires the researcher, client and practitioner to work together to identify circ umstances that earn all parties involved. The approach provides surety that services and treatments, when offered as intended, will produce the most effective outcomes backed up by research. Such trends should be wide disseminated to benefit the greatest number of people. However, some of the unintended consequences are related to the costs incurred in the process. While it is expensive to get quality health care, it is mandate also to save a life.With the changing trends in the Human Services, networking is essential for all the stakeholders involved. Networking among organizations at state, national and regional levels is essential in building resiliency among Human Services providers and also to enable them cope with the fast-changing environment. Networking also provides a forum for information sharing among the various stakeholders. Such networks lead to an improved service delivery in the Human Service sector.State of Michigan.

Effect Of Global Warming On The US And The Global Economy Research Paper

Effect Of Global Warming On The US And The Global Economy - Research Paper illustrationGovernments have a hard time funding transition from coal and oil to other forms of energy due to economic crunch. IV.Possible solutions List lead possible solutions to the problem The United States and world(a) economies should invest in renewable sources of energy kindred solar, wind and bio-fuel. The coke taxes should be enforced to compel nations like China and India among others to reduce GHG emissions. This should be made into a United Nations resolution. Technological innovation should be allowed to play a key role in resolution orbicular warming. This might include changing the harmful gases into a less harmful form V.Analysis and recommendation Although there atomic number 18 complicating factors of opposition to global warming, disagreements on how to impose global carbon taxes, and slow transition to renewable energy, the problem of global warming might be solved, by unified sci entific approach because of scientists would agree on research solutions, governments would act unanimously on carbon emissions and renewable energy would be made accessible. VI.Anticipated outcome leash things that will happen if your solution is implemented. If global warming gets a unified global approach then The world shall reduce carbon emissions by 20 percent by 2020. The United Nations would enforce international subsidies for renewable sources of energy Scientists, the world over, would use technology to provide joint solutions to global warming. Executive compend Global warming has become a global phenomenon associated with adverse weather conditions. According to predictions by the United Nations, world economy shall be adversely moved(p) if drastic measures are not...This is because the challenges of global warming have an economic bearing. This calls for concerted efforts in the search for solutions. Global warming has both market and non market do. Nonmarket effec ts include health complications. Market effects include expected changes in the energy productions sectors. The issue has been complicated by stiff opposition to the possibility of global warming. There are views that there has been no evidence of global warming for the last decade. There have been requests to shift from non-renewable to renewable energy sources like solar and wind. The federal government of United States of America is being urged to subsidize renewable energy production and facilitate an energy policy shift. The international community is introducing carbon taxes from the leading producers of carbon emissions among other initiatives. Introduction The interest in the climatic change increased significantly in 1980s. Researchers were keenly interested in conclusion out the nature of impacts anticipated from the climatic change. According to a research by the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), global warming of 4C could cause adverse effects on water, biodiversit y, agriculture and energy. According to research, the northern parts of the United States are expected to benefits from global warming especially because they are cold.

Using examples, explain the extent to which local planning authorities Essay

Using examples, explain the extent to which local planning authorities can and do pertain the requirements for producing locally distinct plans, that satisfy both - Essay ExampleMarket forces determined the expenditure of land and what if anything was built upon it rather than the wishes of local communities and the central government. If landowners set in motion that their land was most profitably used for agricultural purposes then it would remain as agricultural land, if it made the more money being used for residential or retail properties it would serve such purposes.1The forerunners of local planning authorities began to emerge with the Town and Country Planning Act of 1925, despite the majority of planning decisions usually being left to individual local authorities to be enforced. The usefulness of the early local planning authorities was restricted by the harsher economic conditions that dominated much of the inter-war period. The active use of town and country planning by the equivalent of local planning authorities was thus limited in use except by local authority building council houses.2Local planning authorities began to come into their own with the expansion of council house construction, local communities treasured more housing and central government decided it also wanted greater levels of social housing nationally. Council housing schemes were not a post-war innovation, as they had to begin with began in the 1920s. However council house construction due to a shortage of public funds had been restricted. After 1945 the Atlee government sanctioned and funded the building of millions of council houses as a vital component of post-war reconstruction, that also increased the availability of socially provided affordable housing.3The era of post-war reconstruction was the raison dtre for the largest programmes of publicly funded construction in Britain, and the extensive use of local planning authorities to complete those projects. Unprecedente d levels of public expenditure were needed due to the sheer scale of reconstruction required as a consequence of wartime bomb damage. Town planning and local planning authorities were

Business Law Questions Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words - 1

Business Law Questions - Essay ExampleThis is different from Public companies where the shares are offered on a public parenthood exchange (Beatty & Samuelson, 2007). Another advantage would be that to form a Private hold in Company the minimum requirement is to have members with an upper limit of 50. In contrast, public Companies require a minimum of seven members with an unlimited upper limit. They are currently three partners and this is enough to form a Private Limited Company. Changing the business to a Private Limited Company enables the business to be able to source for funds from a wider scope than before. They can fluid obtain funds from family and friends, but now come into consideration from financial institutions. Companies are able to obtain snap off loans as they tend to have better credit scores when compared with other forms of business wish well partnerships. This is similar to Public Companies. The main difference is that Public Companies can raise more funds s ince their books of history are open to the public. This increases the chances of getting debt financing. In forming a company they will enjoy the benefits of having limited liability, Salomon vs. A. Salomon & Co Ltd (1897). A limited company is limited to the extremity of the shares held by each individual shareholder. In the case the company winds up, the only claim creditors can have is to the extent of unpaid up share capital. This is because in law, a company is a legal entity in its own right and is separate from the shareholders (Shtein & Lindgren, 1984). This also enables a continued existence even with the incapacitation of a shareholder (Adams, 2008). In the previous partnership, any event leading to the incapacitation of a single shareholder would have led to winding up of the business.In case they would like to expand further, the upper limit of 50 members enables the company to source for more funds by allowing interested members to subscribe.

Leagal case study Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Leagal case study - Term Paper ExampleIn December 2002 Mora received a report of political detainee abuse at Guantanamo Naval Base, Cuba. Despite the notation that the Navy or Marine Corps and OGC attorneys were not involved, he still went to investigate. Mora admits that this chronological narrative of the probatory events pertaining to detainee interrogation, in which he and the OGC participated or had knowledge of, is sadly lacking since he was unable to identify and name all those who participated. Suffice it to say that in other aspects his efforts yielded a lot of good. He was able to uncover an action memo, dated Dec.2, authorizing entitled Counter -Resistance Techniques authorized by Secretary Rumsfield and rumored to be partially authorized at a high level in Washington permitted the use of certain interrogation techniques. Mora understood the necessity of obtaining information to prevent another(prenominal) 9/11 but to condone such practices to him will cause harm to the n ational legal, political, military and diplomatic interests.

Compare & Contrast essay between Malcolm X and Marthin Luther King

Compare & Contrast between Malcolm X and Marthin Luther King - essay ExampleMany people contend their admiration to the way they preached about the rights of the blacks in America, and they have both preached on self-knowledge and having respect for African culture and history, since it is the buns for uniting blacks. Their beliefs were similar, and this was evident towards the end of their lives in the way they emphasized on having bride amongst the black as well as respecting us rather than hating one an disparate. Their speeches conscious the blacks that in order to attain freedom, they start by respecting one another, hence it reflected on the vision of men improving America. Malcolm X talked about Blacks hating the color of their skin, spurt of their nose over all, he talked about Blacks hating their own kind. Major points about the Blacks are that for the past four hundred years, the Blacks have been taught to hate their identity the self-hatred resulted in a pervasive sin among many members of the Black community. He stated that one cannot hate the root of the tree and not hate the tree itself this make the Blacks feel inferior making them turn to other people to show them the way. Martin on the other hand talked about standing against a system that oppresses the Blacks, he emphasized that being nobody is not easy, therefore, that which was seen as black should shot be seen as ugly. Martin went ahead and talked about having a Negro freedom among all the Negros since enslaving the body involves enslaving the entire soul. Hence the Blacks should encourage themselves and not be ashamed of their past as slaves, but appreciate themselves as being black and beautiful. both men have the same analysis that we have been taught to have ourselves, lack of belief in ourselves as Blacks, and the blacks should do something to offset this cultural homicide, as called by Martin. Both Malcolm and Martin called for the blacks to embrace the Black pride, develop self-a ffirmation and all the blacks to undergo education that will reflect the past history of the Black people. In the larger world, they had other priorities except for internal priorities that were connected to the establishment of education, and Martin emphasized African-American unity by stating any movement present that is meant to overlook this necessity is only postponement to be buried. The work and life events of Martin Luther were stressed exclusively making the history taught in schools expressed in different ways (Weis and Fine 239). The manner in which Malcolm X and Martin spread their views was through assertiveness, powerful speeches that were hard hitting. To put it simpler, both the intentions of Martin and Malcolm were delivered in styles that were different. For example, Martin was an inspirational speaker, and he travelled all over the country motive people to live a life full of racial harmony. Martin appeared to have idealistic mind and was rational and positive i n giving his speeches and views on different things. This is evident in his speech that he said he had a dream of seeing his children living a life that they are not judged by their race but character. In comparison to Martin, Malcolm X was an extremist, and this is evident the time he was an Islamic Minister, X talked more about separating blacks from whites, emphasizing Black success and presence of nationalism among the Blacks. To look at this in

Contrast and Compare Absorption Costing With Marginal Costing Essay

Contrast and Comp atomic number 18 ducking Costing With Marginal Costing - Essay ExampleMarginal be and absorption costing atomic number 18 the canonical two methods of costing that are used for managerial decision making.This research paper outlines comparison and contrasting of marginal costing with absorption costing to be presented to the manager of Ball Dolbear Ltd that I recently joined as an accountant. This paper describes the meaning and basic principles of both marginal costing and absorption costing. The managerial concepts and import of both these methods are detailed in this paper.Both absorption costing and marginal or variable costing are types of product costing systems. Absorption or full costing includes direct materials, direct labor and both variable and fixed manufacturing belt in the product be whereas variable costing doesnt include manufacturing fixed costs along with direct material and direct labor (Weygandt, Keiso and Kimmel, 2005, p. 265),.Marginal costing is the basic tool that helps management in taking most appropriate decisions and understands accurate cost structures. Marginal costing or variable costing considers direct materials, direct labor and variable manufacturing overhead costs as product costs. Under marginal costing, variable costs are attributed to cost units for a fixed period and fixed costs are written off in full against the total contribution. (Lucey and Lucey, 2002, p. 296).Nigam, Nigam and Jain (2004) defined marginal costing as the costing technique that charges only the variable costs to the cost units (p. 398). According to CIMA terminology of marginal costing, it is a principle whereby variable costs are charged to the cost units and fixed costs attributable to the germane(predicate) period is written off in full against the contribution of that period (Bhattacharyya, 2005, p. 68). Cost of a unit consists only of out of pocket costs that are direct, variable or avoidable costs. These

Better Luck Tomorrow Review Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Better Luck Tomorrow Review - Essay ExampleDespite the item that the film is an ensemble, the action that goes on in the film centers on Ben, who is in his last year in high work. He does everything that would give him an impressive identity when applying for college. This means that he has to get several(prenominal) honors and awards that he is non interested in, such as employee of the month award, athletic and student committee honors. He spends his time with friends who are equally gifted, but bored. They study in shoplifting activities in com stageer stores and sell exam answers to other students. One day superstar of them draws a gun at a school Neanderthal, and they become respected by their peers for their notoriety (Huang 99). The main theme of the film comes up with regard to the question as to why teenagers would resort to plague. The film has not featured the parents of these teenagers in the activities that go on. This suggests that there might be parental neglect perhaps because they think that their children are innocent and cannot do eachthing wrong. It could also be because parents think that their children are not smart to figure out certain things on their own. The children could also be engaging in these activities because of the many expectations that their Parents have put on them (Huang 100). The movie has been directed in the right atmosphere that creates the energy and intrigue that drives the film. These are mixed with humor and suspense that make the film interesting. The hard-nosed performances by the young and energetic actors is crucial because it fits in when the audience has to suspend disbelief that the young actors are doing things that one would never suspect of them. Despite the fact that the cast has been created from the Asian American atmosphere, the theme cuts across. The theme might be resonant in the Asian American context where parenting is not as consequential as education (Huang 100). Morality and justice in the film seem mostly absent. The teenagers engage in immoral and activities that could be categorized as crime but they are not punished. They engage in these activities in a manner that suggests that no one is interested in discouraging from doing them. In fact, when one of them draws a gun in school, the other students do not care to report them to the school authorities. Instead, they respect them for their notoriety. The teenagers are free to do anything they please. This shows an identity crisis in a society where there is the lack of role models. The young cannot emulate their parents because their parents are busy doing other things to an extent that they have no time to study on what their children could be doing. The parents have also become careless to an extent that they assume that their children are a responsible lot who cannot engage in any crime or wrong activities. Therefore, they live them at the hands of their educators. Education does not help to model the teena gers into responsible human beings. Instead, the education emphasizes on awards, honors and violate grades rather than molding the character of the young students. For instance, entrance into college requires that the students must have scored highly in academics and acquired awards and honors in certain activities. The measure of character is not provided for in those applications. Young people have been left to identify with immorality and prowess in doing wrong and committing crimes. This provides a wakeup call to the audience that

Impacts of a borderless society Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Impacts of a borderless society - Essay ExampleBoth of my meals were make at home from ingredients bought at the local grocery store. Except for the ground beef and the lettuce, all the other ingredients were prepared somewhere else and assembled by me to make the meal. The adjacent chart shows each ingredient and the place it was construct.None of these ingredients were manufactured outside the United States, so in one sense the food is localit was manufactured in this country. But there is no easy way to find out where the wh down, corn, and other ingredients in the final product were produced. The list of ingredients on the Alfredo behave jar is quite long, for instance, and all those things had to be shipped from somewhere so the manufacturer could assemble the product. In fact, the cheese was probably manufactured somewhere outside the Kentucky lay and shipped there, so its ingredients origins are unknown but probably shipped. DeWeerdt (2009) notes there is a distinction bet ween shipping by truck or by rail, for instance, so it is possible that even if the ingredients started out 1,500 miles away from the manufacturer, if they were shipped by rail the impact would be less than if they were shipped by truck.While I was researching the orbwide market for this essay, a National Geographic article (Bourne Jr., 2009) offered some very telling statistics as a framework for understanding how the food I eat fits into the larger global picture. In 2007, for instance, the globe had 61 days worth of food stockpiled (para. 2). This is not only food for humans the animals we raise to eat as well as consume grain, and our cars even consume grain by using ethanol (para. 16 DeWeerdt, 2009, para. 17). If all agricultural production stopped, in two months the entire world would be out of food. Bourne also notes that the poorest billion people on the planetspend 50 to 70

Assignment (training and development ) Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Assignment ( raising and development ) - Essay Examplehe human resource management must have an appropriate evaluation radiation diagram that bequeath give an elaborate indication on the homework outcome (Aguinis & Kraiger, 2009).An elaborate data collection design can determine the conclusions made from a training and development program. A collection design compares a trained somebody to an untrained person or the same individual prior and after the training process. Equally, a trained person can be compared to a set standard of training. When the collection design does not compare a trained person to an untrained person, it forms a non-experimental design. When a trained person is compared to an untrained person in a randomized manner, it is an experimental design. Moreover, when the comparison is made with an untrained person in a non-random manner, it forms the quasi-experiment design (Lou, Duever, & Budman, 2004).Experimental collection design for training evaluation offers the best design to use in the determination of the training outcome. The design offers a stronger link between the training outcome and the learning process. Experimental training design can evaluate that the training process led to a change in behavior. As much as the design may be difficult to implement, it avails accurate information needed for organizational growth (Arthur et al., 2003).Arthur, W., Bennett, W., Edens, P. S., & Bell, S. T. (2003). potence of training in organizations a meta-analysis of design and evaluation features. The Journal of Applied Psychology, 88,

Major event happened in China Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Major event happened in China - Essay ExampleThis places China on the same level as Trinidad and Tobago and Serbia. The advocator also reveals that China is indeed more corrupt than most of the developing countries like Sri Lanka. Corruption in China takes various forms such as every structural or non-structural. Non-structural rottenness is also common in other parts of the world and includes illegal or criminal acts such as misappropriation of public funds, bribery, nepotism, and patronage. Structural corruption, on the other hand, is very difficult to tackle because it emerges on from weakness in political and economic structures in the country. This includes backdoor deals, statistical falsification, and graft. What is worse, corruption in China takes place at both individual and institutional levels.Political corruption has been a major obstacle to Chinas reading over the years and despite the government taking significant steps to curb the problem, there are still major inst ances of corruption in the country. rough analysts such as Yan Sun, a professor at City University of New York claim that there are more corrupt members in Chinas leading political party, CPP than there are honest members. The current Chinese President Xi Jinping has taken a tough stance against corruption and has vowed to debate the vice. Impacts of widespread corruption include undermining democracy and good governance, reduces accountability, weakens institutions, and compromises both international and national laws. Corruption is a major threat to Chinas emergence in its bid to overtake the US the world economic powerhouse. Most of the cases of corruption in China do nt6 find their way to the international make up due to unwillingness of the government to share such data with foreign agencies. This has, however, not stopped some cases from attracting headlines in both local and international media.This attempt is based on Makinen Julies article titled In China, Corruption Ca ses Keep

MNGMT Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

MNGMT - Essay ExampleI then called them up and asked if peradventure we could go back to the coffee shop and discuss few other things.Back to the coffee shop, we had a very interesting discussion and we even had a question-and-answer sort of activity. We were trying to ask one another about possible questions that may be asked on the exams and it turned out to be a delight way of studying. There were instances that if one of us attempts to answer a particular question, the other one would refute and provide another answer that lead to a discussion and research on which answer was correct. It went that way in a few hours and when it was time to get home, I was pretty confident that I take for more retention with the activity that we had compared to when I was trying to study on my own.This personal experience may not be a group decisiveness making but the fact that we were able to make our studying easier, I can definitely conclude that workings with a group is better than working alone. With a group, one is given the chance to give his ownidea while the rest of the members can scrutinize and analyze the given idea. There is an supplant of thoughts until they get to choose whose idea fits the puzzle beaver. In turn, decision making is at its best and one can expect a pretty technical outcome. Although an exchange of ideas can be a challenge sometimes because it takes more time compared to when you have to decide on your own, you can be assured though that it is better than when you have to do all the thinking. I believe that in cases like coming up with a solution to a seemingly mingled task, like an assignment, a project or the like, it is always best to discuss possible approaches with a group rather than assume you have all the best ideas in the world. Given this technique, one can never go

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Freedom to Comment Reflection Essay

Macbeth Coursework Essay Example for Free

Macbeth Coursework EsenunciateRefer ring to the three main scopes that the witches appear in, write about the effect they give to the play as a whole and also how they influence Macbeth to be contrive as he does.Macbeth, a tragic story of how greed can corrupt the mind. Written in 1606 for mightiness James the first, passel did recreateu eachy believe in witches. I my-self believe that William Shakespeare used the witches as the fuel for his play, I cogitate this led to the massive advantage of Macbeth. When people thought of King James the first they may have also thought of witches. After all James did publicise his beliefs and thought in witches. He believed that they had an effect on his life. The people of his countries (England and Scotland) would have thought it was completely everyday. Now a day, if someone accused someone of being a witch, the accuser would be looked upon in society as insane.The idea of witches over the years has simply dried out.In class we have watched and studied two different films establish on Macbeth. unity was Macbeth on the Estate. This was extremely different to what I expected. Produced in 1996 its quite a modern film. I thought it was incredible how they managed to use all word from Macbeth, (the play its-self) and fit it into a modern set. The film was filmed on an estate on Birmingham and the main characters were young s manoeuvret yobs Personally I call in it must have been a hard job for the film producers to re-film Macbeth into a modern time.Another film was well(p) called Macbeth produced in 1971 its quite an erstwhile(a) film. It was though exactly what I expected. It was a brilliant film and only a few features let it down. Music which I think plays a great(p) role in films and plays because it allows us to understand the mood and feeling of the play/film. I think technology was to blame for this thoughDid the witches have an effect on the earshot? Yes of course did. Why? Simply because witchcraft played an big part in the lives of the people who lived during the period of the 1500s to the 1600s. I mean, going out to town, roll is all normal only when what about going to see the local witch been executed publicly? 300 years ago this would as normal as any of the activities above. Back then I think people were fascinated with witches. Witches held so much mystery and had a force of fear adjoin them. Of course this is what people thought, if people went to see Macbeth at the theatre in Leeds, obviously I dont think people would have as much refer as people 300 years ago. There would be interest in the witches Im not saying the opposite, but not as much as back then. I think it would make the audience wonder how and why the people of the 1600s lived like they did.The witches appear in three main horizons in Macbeth serve 1 scene 1Act 1 scene 3Act 4 scene 1In act 1 scene 1 they, to me, introduce the play. Although we often block off that the play is all about witchcraft, t hinking about it, the witches do play an important part in Macbeth. I think when Shakespeare wrote act 1 scene 1 his intentions were to grip the audience at the very beginning. The witches do not appear to do anything in this scene it seems as if theyre there to introduce them-selves, they dont genuinely appear for a reason. I think its just to hype the audience up for the rest of the play.In act 1 scene 3 the witches tell us basically what Macbeth is about. Shakespeare grips the audience even tighter when they sayFIRST WITCH All hail Macbeth, hail to thee Thaneof Glamis. trice WITCH All hail Macbeth, hail to thee Thaneof Cawdor.THIRD WITCH All hail Macbeth, that shalt beKing hereafter.I think Shakespeare here uses repetition really well. It adds mystery and feeling to the play. A Victorian audience at this moment must be really into the play. The mystery deepens even more when less than a few scenes a focal point a messenger arrives to tell Macbeth that he is now Thane of Cawdor.A modern audience at this point must shiver with excitement. A Victorian audience may have done the same, after all these people did fear witches in their day.In act 4 scene 1 I dont really feel that this scene does much for the play. Some people may disagree and I can see why. I mean people sat their reading the book must be thinking, how the hell can a tree move?This is because Macbeth saysMACBETH Who can impress the forest, bid the treeUnfix its earth-bound settle?This will keep the reader wondering, I wonder when this prophesy will come true?I think they would think this because they want to see how the tree ends up moving this was clever on Shakespeares part this would have helped keep the audience interested. There are three prophesies all which tell Macbeth when to start worrying.The phraseology the witches use is strange even for Shakespeares time Another thing is that the lines are shorter than the lines in other parts of the play. I dont think this is a coincidence, I pe rsonally think Shakespeare did this to keep the witches rhymes simple. I think he did this to keep the audience interested and not put them off.The use of rhyme people often forget that poetic writing doesnt have to rhyme, in fact in the play there isnt really much rhyming going on, but when the witches speak in Macbeth therere speeches do rhyme unlike most parts of the play.To add even more mystery to the witches they use strange ingredients in their potions I mean we all expect strange items but not that strange. Cats tongues, guts, eyes what more do we want? I think this would have helped Shakespeare with his audience. I think they would have love the idea of witches around a cauldron especially JamesGoing back and looking at these two scenesAct 1 scene 3Act 4 scene 1We see that Macbeth is involved in both scenes. In act 1 scene 3 we see Macbeth as a worrier for his country, a gentleman. In this scene he bumps into the witches with Banquo his best friend. From what I can tell Ma cbeth is a bit shocked I think this because he basically asks them what they are, I think he doubts that they are human. I think this because Macbeth saysMACBETH Speak if you can what are you?The witches then tell Macbeth that he shall be Thane of Cawdor then King. Banquo interrupting seems more enthusiastic about talking to the witches who then tell Banquo his children shall be Kings. Maybe Macbeth is trying to take in what hes just been told. I think Macbeth wants to believe the witches but he doesnt want to get his hopes up. Thats why hes looking for a reason, he asksMACBETH By Sinells death I know I am Thane of Glamis,But how, of Cawdor? The Thane of Cawdor livesA prosperous gentlemanThe witches then vanish and Macbeth is left talking to Banquo. I think Macbeth is still avoiding taking about him been King, he saysMACBETH Your children shall be Kings.In Act 4 Scene 1 we see Macbeth as a murderer and a evil man or should I say King. He barges onto the scene and demands answers fr om the witches I know this because he saysMACBETH Howeer you come to know it, answer meThree apparitions then go on to tell Macbeth three thingsOne that he should be aware of Macduff,Two that he should he should be aware of anyone not born from a womens womb andThree that he should we aweary when the woods begin to move. I think at this point in the play Macbeth is worried about Banquos children and what the witches told Macbeth at the beginning of the play. I think this because he saysMACBETH Can tell so much-will Banquos issue everReign in this Kingdom?The witches do not give Macbeth his answer. I think the reason for this is because if the audience know the answer to this question then they can figure out the end of the play.As Ive already said, I do think the witches played an wonderful part in Macbeth. I also think that they play a rather big part in Macbeths life after all arent they really the ones responsible for King Duncans death? I think they are. I think this because at the end of the day the witches gave Macbeth the idea of killing the witch. I think as soon as the third witch saysTHIRD WITCH All hail Macbeth, that shalt beKing hereafter.I think this is, in a way the poison been injected into Macbeths blood. Its only a matter of time before it begins to kick in, and when it does Macbeth will think up his plans to murder King Duncan. Another reason I think the witches are to blame is because Macbeth wouldnt have done it with out them I think this because Macbeth says to his wife when she moiles him into murdering DuncanMACBETH We will proceed no further in this occupationHe also saysMACBETH So foul and fair a day I have not seen.I think the above proves he wouldnt have murdered Duncan if he had not met the witches. I dont think the witches are all to blame though, I dont think Lady Macbeth helps either shes always trying to push Macbeth into committing murder. Some people in the audience may wonder if Lady Macbeth is a witch or perhaps the witch es have put a duty tour on her?I have seen two different meter readings of the witches on screen and both were extremely different. Obviously the two versions were Polanskis version and Macbeth on the Estate.In Polanskis version the witches were what you would expect, old ugly women who lived in a dirty smelling cave but in Macbeth on the estates version the witches were played by three children who lived in an old abandoned flat. I thought this was a rather interesting (and clever) concept.Both films were very good but if I had to choose one which I thought was the most effective (concerning the witches only) I would choose Polanskis version. This is because the witches were exactly what I expect and want. You dont want sweet little children playing the part of horrible witches. It just isnt Macbeth. It rips the whole idea of witches into shreds or to be more precise it doesnt follow the stereotype. Some people may think this is a bad thing but I would have to disagree with them. However in Polanskis version the witches are brilliant theyre ugly, theyre old, theyre dirty and theyre naked. I also think Polanskis version was better because we saw the witches using magic. For example when they faded out into thin air. It was what I expected and the reasons above are the reasons I choose Macbeth over Macbeth on the Estate.

The Vikings Rise and Fall of the Norse Sea Kings by Poertner Rudolf Essay Example for Free

The Vikings Rise and Fall of the Norse Sea Kings by Poertner Rudolf EssayThe book brings to life the vital, expanding Norse civilization that reign the western world between 800 and 1100 A.D. During the late 800s, Harald Fairhair was trying to unite Norway under his rule. Before he came to power, chieftains ruled over different areas of what is now Norway. There were galore(postnominal) people who disagreed withHarald and many battles ensued where the chieftains lost. Under Harald, chieftains had to give up their titles. The forced unification of Norway threatened their hereditary rights and burdened them with taxes (Poertner 54). People who would not stand for this fled Norway and settled on is arenas strike the coast of Norway and invaded Norway. The Vikings left Scandinavia as a result of a population growth and a general famine in Europe, farm state of matter began to croak scarce. Hearing that Iceland had good land, the people left. Although many parts of the island were not habitable due to volcanoes and frost fields, there were areas that had many attractive qualities. These qualities made coming to Iceland an abstemious decision to a lot of people. By 930 all the good land was occupied and the population of Iceland was about 30,000 (Poertner 55).This leads us to the settlement of Greenland. After being banished from Norway, and so Iceland for murders he committed. Erik the Red decided to search for land in the west. He had already heard stories of what would later be called Greenland so he knew it was out there. He spent three years there and lived by hunting and fishing. When he went back to Iceland he told everyone about the place he named Greenland which had good pasture land and good hunting. In the year 986 he and twenty-five shiploads of settlers set sail for Greenland. Only fourteen ships arrived safely on Greenland due to storms at sea.Within a year or so after the settlers came to Greenland, the first known sighting of America was ma de by a European. Bjarni Herjolfsson was sailing from Iceland to Greenland when he was blown off course, within sight of America. He saw three places but did not stop anywhere until he got to Greenland. Erik the Reds son, Leif Eriksson eventually bought Bjarnis ship and sailed in search of the land that Bjarni had seen. The first place Leif stopped at was flat and stony. He called Helluland.The second place he stopped at was a wooded area he called Markland. The third place was the one place he stayed, calling it Vinland. He was very pleased with it and told of a land where rivers overflowed with salmon, the grass did not wither in the frostless winter, and there was an enormous amount of timber, something that was lacking in both Greenland and Iceland. After spending a winter in Vinland, Leif and his crew return to Greenland where they tell of their exploration loaded down with timber and grapes (Poertner 60).Leifs brother Thorvald made the next journey to Vinland with a crew of th irty. He is the first European known to have met a native. The explorers killed eight natives whose people later attack the explorers and Thorvald was killed in the attack. The explorers left. Thorfinn Karlsefni then went to Vinland with his wife, Gudrid, and others, hoping to make a permanent settlement.That ended the settlements in Vinland. The skirmishes with the natives may have made the Vikings belief threatened. The settlements of Greenland also died out, but for many more reasons. The Little Ice Age began and once fertile land turned to ice, and what soil that did not turn to ice eventually just gave out. The cattle and crops began to waste away. There was also competition with the Eskimos for marine game. For historian buffs this book is excellent and easy to follow. The book was up to learn for that time and I enjoyed the book very much. The Author is Scandinavian or German and the book was translated into English. I tried to find information on the antecedent but was un successful in the time I had. I recommend this book to any Viking or Norse buff.

European Attitudes Towards Benin Bronzes

European Attitudes Towards Benin BronzesThe Art of BeninRead Reading 2.3 On the British loss of antique flora of guile from Benin in AA100 concur 3, Chapter 2 and look closely at Plate 3.2.25 Display for Benin bronzes at the Horniman Museum, London, 2007 and Plate 3.2.26 Display of Benin bronzes at the Horniman Museum, detail, 2007 in the parable Book. Drawing on your understanding of these sources, discuss the commissions in which European attitudes to the Benin bronzes have changed over time.To discuss the ways, in which Europeans attitudes to the Benin bronzes have changed over time, we need initial to go back to the period when they first were discovered, in 1897, following the British invasion of the Benin kingdom. We will also look into how the Victorian viewed the bronzes, and their craftsmen. Since the discovery of the artefacts, the bronzes have caused lashings of debates and different opinions. It has been debates who produced the bronzes, when and for whom, and as a consequence museums and anthropologists have debated how they should be displayed.The Benin bronzes were discovered in 1897, during the time period, when the great interest in the British empire was flourishing, and stories of the purple adventures around the world were very popular by the people in Britain. In the 1880s and 1890s, when Africa was heavily and brutally colonised by the Europeans, a young trend developed back in Europe. The deeper the colonists expanded into Africa, missionaries, civil servants, capitalists were not far behind. Letters, pictures and unusual objects were sent home to Britain, to later be shared and reproduced in books, newspaper and museums. Tales of estranged encounters and experiences with the natives, in particular primitive rituals, involving sacrifices and chiffoniernibalism, were very much on the agenda at the time.When the Kingdom of Benin was conquered by the British in 1897, it resulted in a traumatic end of the centuries-old kingdom and t heir ruler, Oba, the god-king. The news travelled fast close the British invasion, and the frontline journalists arrived just a few days later aft(prenominal) the conquest. The weekly illustrated newspaper The Illustrated London News (ILN) was particularly interested in reporting stories that constituted a sense of drama. Artists along with journalists were at the frontline to convey in pictures about the events within the British empire. in that location were lots of witness accounts of the events around the conquest. However, it needs to sell into consideration, that they are somewhat biased as they were written by the British for the British, which resulted in a style of reporting that portrayed scenes of savagery and brutality by the natives.In the extract from the ILN, written in March 1897, for example, Benin is described as a city of blood having its pit full of dead and dying human sacrifices were strewn about on every hand (Reading 2.1 in Loftus and Wood, 2008, p. 79) . Taking those eyewitness accounts into consideration, with the findings of the artefacts, it is not strange the bronzes were described as having the most grotesque appearance (Reading 2.1 in Loftus and Wood, 2008, p. 79), and that the Africans were seen as dark and dangerous people (Loftus and Wood, 2008, p.45), a stark compare to the white civilised Europeans.As a result, the significance of the bronzes was somewhat tainted by the preconceptions of the primitive and uncivilised African culture that little attention was apt(p) how the bronzes had been displayed or used before they were removed from the scene as the photograph shows (Figure 2.2 in Loftus and Wood, 2008, p. 50). Afterwards, the artworks and objects were brought to Britain, to the frustration of Henry Ling Roth, anthropologist who wrote in his book and sold for a few hundred pounds a large number of castings which had cost thousands to obtain, as well as much blood of our fellow countrymen. (Reading 2.3 in Loftus an d Wood, 2008, p. 80).But, it did not take long for collectors, scholars and art historiographers in Europe and America to realise the pure craftsmanship and the value of the Benin bronzes, thus tried to obtain the finest pieces. Roth points out From what I can ascertain, the bulk of these bronzes has been secured by the Germans (Reading 2.3 in Loftus and Wood, 2008, p. 81) suggesting if the British government have had the proper knowledge of the study of anthropology, the Bini articles would be represented at British Museum, instead of the purple Museum for Ethnography, in Berlin where the largest collection of 580 Benin artworks was acquired.Art historians and scholars were at first somewhat dubious that the bronzes had been produced by the craftsmen of Benin. Instead they were looking for early(a) explanations, even so far as whether there was a possible link between Benin and ancient lost civilisations such as the Gnostics. The British Museum had to rush and to produce researc h about the Benin artworks as the popular interest in the African culture corresponded with the growing debates about the history of the human race. The debate about the origin of the Benin bronzes was considerable. Questions were raised about how the esthetical qualities shown in the bronzes could possibly been created by a society such as Benin, which was perceived backwards and primitive, with stories of human sacrifices and brutality.When the British Museum held an exhibition of the Benin bronzes in September of 1897, the generation wrote a report, that no evidence or links, between Benin and lost ancient civilisation had been found, and the report concludes unexpectedly, with a surprise, that the magnificence bronze work was made by negro craftsmanship (Reading 2.2 in Loftus and Wood, 2008, p. 79) and not by any ancient lost civilisations. Subsequently, this new information caused somehow confusion for the British Museum, as the Benin plaques did not fit into the chronology o f events as first presumed, and therefore the choice to display the Benin bronzes in the Assyrian basement can sole(prenominal) be seen as an alternative option, given the difficultness of placing them among already existing artefacts with established chronological narrative. The Times describes the choice of display An exhibition of a remarkable kind has been arranged in the Assyrian basement in such uncongenial surroundings (Reading 2.2 in Loftus and Wood, 2008, p. 79). Consequently, when the Benin bronzes entered museum collections, both anthropologists and museum curators had difficulty to explain how these uncivilised primitives could produce something equivalent, in technical mastery, like the sculptures from the Italian renaissance for example.The way the artefacts and objects are displayed and described in museums are important for communicating the skilled knowledge about history and art to the general public. However, it is always difficult for the historian to know how the material has been interpreted by the viewer. Even tough, the facts about the new knowledge of the Benin artworks had been presented, it did little to change the racists ideas. Artworks were seen as evidence of civilisation, something Africa did not demonstrate in terms of progress, and therefore was seen as backward by the Europeans. The ethnographic museums, were likely to put together the display of what we regard today as artworks, together with operative items like tools and weapons and utensils, which used to represent ideas how the primitives lived. Non-western objects were seen as scientific evidence and provided cultural knowledge, but not as art.One of the biggest changes that the modern movement brought, was the way art was displayed. One can probably say for certain, that the change evolved naturally, as art is always receptive to outside influence. Ann-Christine Taylor says in the interview about the exhibition in Paris French museums with large ethnographic collecti ons, were deserted by the public. Nobody knew what to do with these collections anymore. (Taylor, A. speaking in The Art of Benin, 2008). The problem they had on their hand, developed into the idea, to create a brand new cultural institution. Their aim was to try to capture peoples attention and interest by using opthalmicly spectacular objects.Their idea resulted in the exhibition, Benin, Five Centuries of Royal Art, shown in Musee de Quai Branly, in Paris. The museum made use of space and lightning, to emphasise each of the objects artistic quality in its own rightful way. in that location is some anthropological information about the plaques, to not solely adopt an aesthetic route. Nevertheless, many anthropologists were angry, as the exhibition was presented as works of art, emphasising on the visual impact rather than testimonies of cultural diversity (Taylor, A. speaking in The Art of Benin, 2008)While the debate how to best display the Benin bronzes continues, many museums were adopting the cross-referencing, bonding the gap between art and anthropology. However, some museums, such as The Pitt River Museum in oxford for example, has resisted and deliberately kept the traditional way of displaying objects with explanatory labels in glass cases. (Figure 2.9 in Loftus and Wood, 2008, p. 72).The Horniman Museum on the other hand, decided to take a step further and changed their display of its Benin bronzes, and incorporated both anthropological and aesthetic aspects. (Illustration Book, Plate 3.2.25 and Plate 3.2.26) Most significantly, it does not stoppage at the moment of aesthetic contemplation, it continues deeper into the entire culture of Benin, in the past and present. Making use of a variety of texts and photographs with new information based on contemporary research by Joseph Eboreime, a Nigerian historian. (Loftus and Wood, 2008, p. 75)The controversial views of the Benin bronzes have undergone a natural evolution since the discovery in 1897. B ut it is not only the bronzes, it is the whole transformation of western views towards Africa that has taken place. The Benin bronzes were mystifying for the Victorian anthropologists, and not easy to fit into a racist representation of primitive ways of life. subsequently throughout the twentieth century, the works of art started to become almost solely of aesthetic admiration rather than as a kind of historical evidence. There are signs, like those, that can be seen in The Horniman Museum, that the world of art is in for a new movement. Primitive art has become world culture, and the Benin bronzes stands as evidence of a shared human history.(word count 1633)BibliographyAA100 Illustration Book Plates for Books 3 and 4Loftus, D. and Wood, P. (2008) The Art of Benin Changing Relations Between Europe and Africa II, AA100 Book 3, Chapter 2.The Art of Benin (2008) AA100 DVD ROM

If We Were Superheroes Philosophy Essay

If We Were Superheroes Philosophy EsenunciateI always grew up looking up to superheroes, I loved super heroes. They saved the demesne more than once and always had a rootage for a problem, except what they neer do is admit up, something that we as teenagers and adults still retainnt learned. Just imagine, what Saturday mornings would look alike if our superheroes gave up? Someone would say LOOK A HUGE asteroid the size of TEXAS is hurling toward Earth Help us Superman and he would say I seem to be having a difficulty day-you see global warming has caused the hole in the ozone to release kryptonite and I am upright not up to it Nowadays if we encounter any problem that we feel we ejectnot force outure, our 1st option is to give up and abdicate. seed Johnny James said, in his hold up Never Give UP We must redeem a strong determination to persevere unto the end. The race is not to the swift all the time, nor is the battle to the strong. When it seems as though there is no need in even trying again, this is the time that we should never give up. In order for us not to quit we must initial look at why we quit, some asteroids that do come our way and some super spidey solutions to help ourselves from making this decision.As a freshman, high school was going to be very different. New mountain, new school, and new challenges to face, being called a fish, bullied and the list goes on and on simply I was unaw ar of the circumstances where my only option given, was to quit. I clearly remember close friends of mines telling me that I wouldnt be able to do well in debate. My first response was very rude including a couple of colorful words that could easily scotch me disqualified. Yet, I realized that the answer was not to quit, but to try even harder and try to accept that there is room, room for improvement. Quitting would only stop over me from growing. So, I tried harder and did improve tremendously, and I had a great year. thus far though Im nowhere near the best, I smelled a sense of accomplishment in the air and thought to ponder, why do people give up? The answer was pretty simple. The reason why we quit is simply because of the fact that we think we are unable to survive the circumstances ahead of us, but the qualification to fight is inside of us. We just refuse to unleash the beast and let the green hulk take over. Instead, we sit there like people who have nothing better to do than to eat in front of their televisions and decide that the rest of the world doesnt exist. As Frank Lloyd Wright had once said I shaft the price of success dedication, hard work, and an unremitting devotion to the things you want to see happen.The 2nd riches man in the 1900s once said, It is easy to dodge our responsibilities, but we cannot dodge the consequences of dodging our responsibilities. Superheros have taken their responsibility and fulfilled it to its fullest extent. However we choose to dodge our efforts and decide to stop trying. Walt- Disney was turned down 302 times in front actually being financed, and look at the success that Walt Disney has reached today One of the greatest men in history, Albert Einstein didnt do great at first either. Albert Einstein did not speak until he was four years old and didnt read until he was seven. His teacher described him as mentally slow, unsociable and rudderless forever in his foolish dreams. He was expelled and refused admittance to Zurich Polytechnic School. The University of Bern turned down his Ph.D. dissertation as being irrelevant and fanciful. Imagine what would have happened if he did give up?You must believe in yourself-even if all those around you doubt you and in your ability to rise from within the insanity in which your life now go ons itself and to stand tall against the obstacles and challenges within your life-and you exit conquer all that you believe cannot be conquered and all that which you believed you had lost within your life. When we give up, we are a failure. Giving up on everything you have is going to leave you with nothing at all. In the same book I mentioned before Author Johnny James stated once again, Those who give up in the race are never rewarded because quitters are never rewarded for quitting.Like the superheroes had a solution for every problem, there are some super spidey things we can do not to quit and truly achieve. Author Christine McGogy, in her aricle6 ways to never give up, gives us six tonus-by-step instructions, on how to not give up. The first thing to do, is keep an open air mind, when you keep an open mind, you allow yourself to be open to more ideas, Once you say, I quit you basically are closing off your mind from any more ways to getting closer to your end result and having any breakthroughs. The 2nd step is trials and errors, you have to remember that you made an effort and tried, if you didnt like your result, you should try to change your actions, to get a better result. The third thing to do is to is to realize that the questions, are the answer, When you run out of ideas its time to start asking yourself question Questions such as what can I do differently or what else can I do to improve myself. For extra effectiveness, try writing the question(s) down. Ask yourself the questions before you go to sleep at darkness and often times the answers will come the next day as your brain had time to think about it while you were sleeping the 4th step is Guidance, Who can help you? Is there somebody that has already achieved the same tendency? Find them and ask them what they did to get there. Asking doesnt cost anything. And guess what, chances are these people werent always doing great at first. The difference is that they kept going however small the action seemed at the time. Once you have the determination to persist until you get what you want, you will become more confident in yourself as well. She also reminds us that according to the 5th step, to make sure we ar ent making up excuses to stop ourselves from making this decision. And last, but not least, Picture it In order for your goal to actually be a reality, can force you to zoom past your informality zone, but keep focusing on the benefit of your goal to push yourself further along. Take a minute whenever you feel overwhelmed and DREAM about your goal I have personally thought about quitting speech and debate because of many reasons, but when I sit back and think about my dreams, it just encourages me to try even harder. Walt Disney always said, If you can dream it, you can do it Problems come and go in life but we, like the superheroes, should face our problems and find a solution no matter how big the problem is. By giving up we dont unleash the beast within, instead we unleash the wimp within. We brood and runaway-thinking things will be better, but they always end up following us, wherever we go.Superheroes are the coolest, smartest, and most wise people you can ever find. scorn them not being real, they give us real guidance. They do the most extraordinary things and teach us great lessons, some ranging from believing in you to never quitting. I encourage you to always keep an open mind and never give up There are a million reasons for you to quit, but if you can find one reason not to quit, dont make the decision. Some asteroids will come our way, but they wont destroy my Saturday morning, in stead my Saturday morning will be about my dream, my hopes, and ultimately my will, my will to never give up even in the hardest of times.

Vienna in the Classical Period

capital of Austria in the Classical PeriodThis essay allow review the culture which justify the question Why was capital of Austria such an important cultural centre in classical period? First of all I will refer to the metropolis of capital of Austria in which a big civilization was actual in the past and actually in classical period. Vienna is characterized as the cultural capital of Europe, until today. In 1918 Vienna was designated the capital of Austria which was one of the four countries which were containing the Multi Empire of Habsburg. Also classical period refers to the period that began around 1750 and ended in 1830. So this essay will provide the cultural study of eighteenth atomic number 6 which took gravel in Vienna.During the late eighteenth century Vienna attracted composers from crosswise Europe. Composers like Mozart, Haydn and Beethoven were drawn to the city by patronage of Habsburgs who were willing to support the music.1Furthermore during the eighteenth century, except of the music cultivation, a cultural development in the field of architecture and arts occured. The words elegance, grace, symmetry and restrain are the n proterozoic suitable words for the tendencies of the music, of art and the architecture of that period.2Also in classical period a development in theatre and opera style was sight. Furthermore there is confusion between the words cultural and civilization. most people believe that, these two words refer to the same thing, but there is a difference, which will be explained bellow, to make sense what is mean by cultural centre.When we talk about civilization we mean the tradition, the customs, the habits, the intellectual and artistic development of particular country or city. It is a way of creating one assign in which lives and activates a society, with education. On the other hand cultural is the approach monument of development of previous civilisations as historical objects and in addition the study of them . cultural means cultivation and development. It is the knowledge of an object. So that is the difference between civilizations and cultural. When we mention in cultural centre we mean the study of the objects that happened or developed in this particular place and the study of the civilization in this time. So this essay will explain what happened in Vienna in classical period and which areas developed culturally.The Habsburg Empire during the eighteenth century became one of the greatest Dynastic States in Europe and Austria was one of the countries, were consisting the rule of the Habsburg Empire. Since the sixteenth century Vienna had been under the terror of the Turks but in 1685 Austria achieved to defeat the Turks and drove them back to Hungary.3The territories of the Habsburg Empire were located in eastern and south-central Europe. As David F. Good mentions in his book Vienna was the geographical nucleus centre of the Empire and so the city famed historical importance.4Whi le Austria was under the Habsburg Crown it was an autonomous state,5and was ruling in most territories of the Empire.After the death of Charles VI Archduke in October in 1740, his daughter mare at that placesa, who was born in Vienna, took the rule.6She was regarded as the greatest of the Habsburgs rules.7When she became empress she was 40 years and led the Austria in a golden era. Maria Theresa spread the education and she introduced 500 public schools. She helped the industry growth and put lower taxes on the products. Thus she improved the economy. She as well reformed the army and the legal system. Maria also contributed in the developed of Classical music as it was the main development in that period. Maria and her 16 children performed operas and dances. In 1762, Maria Theresa presented Vienna with the forts performance of Glucks innovation opera Orpheus and Eurydice.8Joseph II, Marias Theresas was the continuer of her activities, from 1780 until 1790. He was another one ze alous reformer, who abolished the selfdom and he secularized the religious properties.9It is known that when, the economy of a country is going very well and the only occupation of its habitants it is not the struggle of survival, they turn to the development of their civilization. They turn to the development of arts and they are magnanimous importance to education. During the classical period the economy of Austria was going very well and that contributed to be their only concern the cultural development. That made Vienna a cultural centre and wider the capital of Europe. The elements of civilization that were developed in Vienna in classical period were music, the theatre the architecture, and the arts like painting and forge.In superannuated times the music accompanied the people in their activities, which the most of them were religious. But the ideological difference of Renaissance changed the data. During the eighteenth century music gained its own maroon and released fro m the religiosity. In that period composers from all over the Europe were drawn to Vienna by the patronage of Habsburgs. That period, European music enriched from instruments. Further Vienna could be characterized also as the capital of serious music because it hosted important representatives of the great European traditional.The famous composers all of the time, who were considered as the three monsters of classical period and contributed with their remarkable tuneful work, to be the city of Vienna such an important cultural centre were Haydn Mozart and Beethoven. Franz Joseph Haydn was born in Rohrou, in Austria he considered as the father of symphony. Additionally it is infallible to mention that in 1797, Haydn became the composer of the Austrian national anthem Gott erhalte Franz den Kaiser. In 1803, the city of Vienna gave to Haydn the large golden Salvator -medal, and during the 1804 became an honour citizen of Vienna. After his dead he took the sympathy of Viennese people and they called for his honour his cemetery as the Haydn Park.10Likewise Mozart, the tuneful genius born in Salzburg, in Austria. His father, Leopold, as a violin teacher, recognized soon, the musical talent of his son. By the age of 5 Mozart started to compose minuets. His fame as a great musician began by the age of 6, when the family invited from the Empress Maria Theresa in Vienna and there he played piano. Then Mozart started travelling in European countries with high music culture and he was conducting projects, but he adjudicate to move back to Vienna, because he believed that it was the scoop up place for him to stay. He lived in Vienna many creative and successful years,11where he became a great concert organizer and a piano virtuoso, a conductor and an important composer. Also he composed many sonatas, strings quartet and operas which still heard until nowadays.In the same way, Beethoven is classified in the list of most famous composers of classical period. He born i n Bonn, in Germany, moved to the note musical centre, Vienna with the ambition to be a great and famous composer as Haydn and Mozart.12The dream of Beethoven became true. He appeared in concerts in Vienna as a pianist, since he established as the city pianist. He also composed remarkable sonatas and symphonies. Beethoven became the first successful freelance of Vienna.13The musical life whole shebang of that composers still hearing until nowadays and the visitors of Vienna go to the capital of classical music to enjoy live that great works.The theatre as well noticed a great development in Austria and especially in Vienna, which became the city of religious drama. During the Middle Ages developed three forms of theatre, the Jesuit drama, the commedia Dell Arte and the Italian Opera. That forms underlie the theatre of eighteenth century and figured the Vienna one of the most attractive theatrical cultures of Europe. The popular theatre appeared for the first time in 1711, with the percentage of Josef Stranitzky who was an improvisational player and led the Karntnerto Theater in Vienna to take over by an Italian company. Stranitzky was instantly supported by the populace. But in the encourage half of eighteenth century the improvisation gradually started to disappear from the theatrical stage. In the late eighteenth century in 1791, appeared one of the greatest theatrical productions, in Vienna.14Additionally, during the eighteenth century, Vienna flourished and became a cosmopolitan centre. The architecture of the city was characterized by bulky building which beautified the skyline. Those buildings do not have the style of early medieval buildings but many of those Gothic buildings had the style of older foundations. Let have a look where has its roots the architecture of eighteenth century. During the 1300s the architecture of the churches was base on the Hallenkirche (hall church), which it was German style. The St. Stephans Cathedral, where the famous c omposer of classical period Haydn performed from his childhood as tenor, has the style of Hallenkirche. In Renaissance other buildings were not built up, because the Turks, who besieged the city periodically from 1529 until the 1680, were allowing only the strength of Viennas fortifications.15Austrias architects started to produce in the golden age of Austria baroque architecture, when the Leopold I, was ruling. Johan Bernhard Fischer von Erlach, (1656-1723) was an architect, who took elements from the Italianate baroque and tried to approximate them to the Viennese style. He was the architect of Maria Theresas Schonbrum castle and his work characterized by a restrained and monumental style. The palace has the style of rococo which developed in the early eighteenth century and has similarities with the baroque style. The Schonbrum Palace and the other building of rococo style were gilded stucco with brightly colored frescoes. After Fischer another architect became famous for his d esign, Johann Lukans von Hildebrand (1668 -1745). The Belvedere Palace of Prince Eugene, designed by Hildebrand with interlocking cubes and a style of slopping mansard roof. So that provides the influence from Fischer von Erlach. Also the Schahwarzenberg Palace in Vienna was designed by Hildebrand.16The Viennese architects in eighteenth century were using the neoclassical architecture styles. They approximated the classical architect of Greeks and Romans. They used cleaner lines in their designs and squarer. The buildings were bulkier and they had preponderance of columns.Further painting and sculpture remarked a development during the eighteenth century. Bernardo Bellotto, who was a pupil of his uncle famous Painter Venetian, Canalrtto, invited from Maria Theresa to make the city flat with clear light, details and accuracy. Bellottos painting thunder mug be characterized as social, historical and artistic documents. Martin van Meysten was another one famous painter of eighteenth c entury. Meysten composed his cavances with clumsiness and they are overburdened. Those cavances are the best of Austrian courts balls and receptions. In 1730, he became the manager of Fine Arts Academy in Vienna.17Also the sculpture developed during the classical period in Vienna. There were three famous sculptors who stayed in history for their remarkable works. The first was Georg Raphael Donner, who made the bronzes of the Fountain of Providence in the Neuer Mark and it has life-size. Also Bathasar Permoser created the equestrian statues, which was located in the courtyard of the Belvedere Palace. Further Balthasar Moll was the third famous sculptor and created the double sarcophagus for Maria Theresa and his husband Frances Stephan. Sarcophagus located in the Kapuzinerkirche. Franz Xaver Messerschmidt was a habitant of Vienna and he is famous for his portrait bust. Franz made the portrait of famous representatives as Maria Theresa, of her son Joseph II and others.18In addition t he economic prosperity in Vienna in eighteenth century fostered the conditions of intellectual Rise. Greeks immigrants contributed in this as they created a Greek colony in Vienna when they left from the Greece to escape from the chaos that prevailed in the country at the long of Turkish rule. The ideas of the enlightenment found in Vienna fertile ground. Before the French revolution scholars clergy like Anthimos Gajis, Neofitos Doukas and Constantinos Koumas made Vienna the most important intellectual centre. In that period strong editorial activity at the Greek printings in Vienna was noticed which were printing books of philosophy, of information of mathematics, of geography pedagogical and also medical books.19To conclude undoubtedly Vienna developed a great civilization in classical period and was characterised from many people as a cultural centre and as the capital of classical music because activated there the most famous composers all of the times. Fairly, we fag give to Vienna these characterizations. In this contributed the great Dynastic, the Habsburg Empire, mainly Maria Theresa and his son Joseph II. It is known that Maria Theresa contributed to the rise and aid of the economy of Vienna, which was not very good, because of the wars conductor in classical period. Maria Theresa was an admirable empress who achieved to strengthen the economy of Vienna by stimulating the industry. She lowered the taxes and she gave importance on the establishment of schools. The cultural development of each nation is based on the education of the people who live in an organized society.Also it is important to refer to the Greeks immigrants who created a colony in Vienna and by this contributed in the rise of Viennas economy. Greeks developed a strong economic activity and they dealt with the commercial and they made Vienna in the eighteenth century a commercial crossroad. Hence, the economy of Vienna was going very well. The civilization found, fertile ground to de velop in all aspects and the Vienna became a great intellectual and cultural centre.Finally Vienna, fairly took the title of a cultural centre Because in that city in eighteenth century and especially in classical period, all the aspects of civilization as the music, the architecture, the painting and the sculpture developed. As mentioned before, cultural means the study of an object, the cultivation and the development of a particular place in a particular period. Thus Vienna can be characterised as one of the most important cultural centres in classical period.