Gender and Transcendence: Sexing Melvilles Whale :: essays papers

Gender and Transcendence Sexing Melvilles WhaleMention Moby-Dick to most undergraduates and their response is either a yawn or a groan.Of course, few of them have actually read the novel rather, their trepidation is usually based on hearing over and over again that its a salient Book.If its been a Great Book for over 150 years, they ask, what could it possibly teach us now, on the brink of the 21st century? Such sentiment seems to have created a rather large hole in what most undergraduates know just about nineteenth century American literature--a hole large becoming to swallow not only Melvilles whale but all of R. W. Emerson and most of Emily Dickinson, as well.Without such foundational works, most undergraduates--even those interested in a serious force field of American literature--miss out on a great deal in 20th Century American texts which builds on the philosophical themes parade in those Great (Old) Books. For instance, Transcendentalism was ace of the major intell ectual centers to much 19th century American writing and of course thousands of pages have been written about transcendental philosophy as a theme in Emerson and Dickinson, and an anti-theme in Melville.But most undergraduates argon for the most part unaware of this deep vein of transcendentalism speed through American thought and letters, and thus portions of modern prose and poetry that respond to it are largely unintelligible to them.If theyve studied Emerson at all, it is as the high priest of American individualism, a sort of early American egotism help guru. On the other hand, most of todays undergraduates consider sexual activity criticism supremely relevant many are even nearwhat familiar with its terms and principles.Examining literary and cultural texts in terms of what they have to say about gender is a practice with which they are relatively familiar, and one about which they usually already have opinions.It is, in short, a vocabulary in which they are far more conv ersant than that of transcendentalism specifically and 19th Century American literature generally. As I began thinking about a class which might bring these two topics together, some questions immediately occurred to me atomic number 18 examinations of transcendence at all gendered?Is transcendence figured as possessing gender, requiring gender, confounding gender?If the new gender criticism seeks to go beyond the boundaries of our traditional concepts of gender and sexuality, then shouldnt one expect to find some connections with works which examine the very philosophy of going beyond common boundaries of self and other?Gender and Transcendence Sexing Melvilles Whale essays papersGender and Transcendence Sexing Melvilles WhaleMention Moby-Dick to most undergraduates and their response is either a yawn or a groan.Of course, few of them have actually read the novel rather, their trepidation is usually based on hearing over and over again that its a Great Book.If its been a Great Book for over 150 years, they ask, what could it possibly teach us now, on the brink of the 21st Century? Such thinking seems to have created a rather large hole in what most undergraduates know about 19th century American literature--a hole large enough to swallow not only Melvilles whale but all of R. W. Emerson and most of Emily Dickinson, as well.Without such foundational works, most undergraduates--even those interested in a serious study of American literature--miss out on a great deal in 20th Century American texts which builds on the philosophical themes present in those Great (Old) Books. For instance, Transcendentalism was one of the major intellectual centers to much 19th century American writing and of course thousands of pages have been written about transcendentalism as a theme in Emerson and Dickinson, and an anti-theme in Melville.But most undergraduates are for the most part unaware of this deep vein of transcendentalism running through American thought and letters, and thus portions of modern prose and poetry that respond to it are largely unintelligible to them.If theyve studied Emerson at all, it is as the high priest of American individualism, a sort of early American self help guru. On the other hand, most of todays undergraduates considergender criticism supremely relevant many are even sensibly familiar with its terms and principles.Examining literary and cultural texts in terms of what they have to say about gender is a practice with which they are relatively familiar, and one about which they usually already have opinions.It is, in short, a vocabulary in which they are far more conversant than that of transcendentalism specifically and 19th Century American literature generally. As I began thinking about a class which might bring these two topics together, some questions immediately occurred to me Are examinations of transcendence at all gendered?Is transcendence figured as possessing gender, requiring gender, confounding gender?If t he new gender criticism seeks to go beyond the boundaries of our traditional concepts of gender and sexuality, then shouldnt one expect to find some connections with works which examine the very philosophy of going beyond common boundaries of self and other?

Carpe Diem Theme in the Work of Ronsard and Edmund Waller :: essays papers

Carpe Diem Theme in the Work of Ronsard and Edmund Waller Seize the Day. This is most commonly known as the Latin phrase Carpe Diem. For some this is bonnie a phrase, but in classic literature, it is a way of living and writing. This theme was revive during the Renaissance period and it made its influence in Italian, English, and French poetry. The simplest way to describe the theory of carpe diem is to say, eat, drink, and be merry, for tomorrow you shall die. It means that life should be lived to the fullest everyday, just like it was going to be the last. The rose is a very important symbol used in literary work containing carpe diem. It is because the poet can use vision to describe the youth and beauty of the rose, along with the death and suffering. Ronsard was one of the many poets to use this theme. An example of one of his verse forms is Roses. In this poem he uses allegory, which is like an extend metaphor, to create the imagery of roses and to compare them to the beauty of the women he is in love with. He wants to tell her that he appreciates her beauty and that he will love her forever.In Edmund Wallers poem, Go, Lovely Rose, he compares the love of his life to a gorgeous rose. He tells her to come forth and be thankful for her great beauty. He tells her in the poem, Bid her come forth, suffer herself to be desired, and blush not so to be admired. He is trying to tell her to enjoy her beauty now, because tomorrow may be her last. He is using the rose as a metaphor for his lovers beauty. Ronsard also uses carpe diem in the poem When You are Old. The speaker of this poem is a scored, self-pitying lover. The speaker is longing for his lover to reciprocate his love. He is trying to convey to them to appreciate him now because, when he is thin and ghost beneath the earth, consequently they will be mourning, because they didnt take the chance while they had it.

Tom Sawyer - No Average Young Boy :: The Adventures of Tom Sawyer

The Adventures of tom Sawyer       No Average Young Boy   To say that Tom Sawyer was an average young boy growing up in Illinois would be an understatement. The Adventures of Tom Sawyer, written by Mark Twain is an absolutely enchanting book. Every episode is more exciting than the foregoing one, which is why this book receives five stars. Set in the old Southwest in an almost poverty stricken shabby village called St. Petersburg. The whole town knows one another, and of course they know each others business. Sunday was the holy day when everyone would gather at the church to compare notes on the gone weeks events. The children had to rely on making trade good clean fun from meager surroundings. Swimming, fishing, picnicking, and playing Hide n seek in the long hot summer long time were all good ways to pass the time. But Tom was more venturesome than that, and with his best friend huckleberry Finn, he lived everyday to its fullest. Tom had a lowl y more schooling than huck, but Huck was growing up on the streets and surviving just fine considering that his father was a drunk. Tom had a good home, being raised by his Aunt Polly, (his mother died so her sister took him in). He also lived with his half-brother, Sid, whose main objective in life was to make Toms miserable by ratting him out all the time, and his quiet cousin Mary. His antics were ingenious though. The way that he turned whitewashing the fence as a punishment into a grand experience for all of the boys in town who couldnt wait to hold the brush and paint. Tom was not a swelled boy, just an inquisitive one whos mind never rested always dreaming, and making his dreams sound so good, he could always rope Huck Finn into his escapades. Tom couldnt lie, and he couldnt see someone suffer for the sins of another, as seen when he tells the truth about the murder of Dr. Robinson. It took real guts to purport the finger at Injun Joe, the half-breed, who was also one of t he most despicable scoundrels in the town. Tom was also loyal to his friends, and showed that when he wouldnt tell that Huck Finn was with him that night the doctor was killed in the graveyard. Tom also couldnt leave Becky Thatcher in the cave when they were lost and she had all but given up confide of being found.

Nazi Play :: essays research papers

Brandon-Hi, my brother Frank and I are about to tell you, about the walk home from school that ended our lives.Chris- Fivel and I were upset with for each one other the day of October 15, 1939. We pouted at each other the whole way to school. We usually got along. But that day we werent. The school day was fine until the princeable interrupted our secern and turned on the radio. It was one of Hitlers ridiculous speeches. We didnt really know what Hitler was up to this time.Brandon- So we ignored it. Little did we know it was about the invasion of our town to rung up all the jews. That morning was the last we saw of our parents. They had their own steel mill, and that was the first target for the NAZIs. Besides this we attended Tillberg private school and grew up in Fankvurg Germany. We where pretty wealthy.Chris- Fivel quite babaling on lets get to the story. We started home from school that evening.We saw big green motortrucks next to the steel-mill so we stopped walking. We tho ught it was the supply truck until we saw soldiers with guns in hand. We took a look around and then Fivel through me into the woods. I remember him saying Oh god its the NAZIs.Brandon- We saw genocide right in the first place our eyes. Houses were burnt down and people were killed. IT was terrible. We couldnt go any where or if the NAZIs saw us we would be killed. We slept in the ditch culvert in the woods.We woke up to see corpse piled up. The town was destroyed. The Nazis where still there.Chris- The only thing we ate was dry leaves, grass, and bark. We knew we couldnt live for much longer. Fivel lost all feelings in his legs.Brandon- With feelings in my legs gone I couldnt do much. Then reality hit. We saw the SS coming up the street with search dogs. They must have been fifty feet away when they saw us. We knew we were dead. Chris- The dog bit Fivel erstwhile and I got beat by the soldier. He cussed at us many times. We where drug to a lieutenant. And we where in pure shock. My nose was crushed and shed blood non stop. Fivels leg was torn apart like he was a dogs chew toy.Brandon- The lieutenant looked at us lying there and one word came from his spill the beans Trash.

A Comparison of My Last Duchess and Porphyrias Lover Essays -- Robert

My proceed Duchess is a poem about an arrogant and highly powerfulDuke who is describing his deceased Duchess. From the expression last inthe title it is implied that the duke has had more than one duchess.In this poem, the Duke is extremely egotistic. He says, I choosenever to stoop. The duchess would look at everyone in the cosmea asbeing equal no matter what class they are. The duke however cannot dothis. He is too worried about his appearance.Porphyrias Lover is a poem in which a man describes an evening inwhich his lover, Porphyria, visits him and he unexpectedly murdersher. In this it is unlike My put out Duchess because Porphyriaworships her lover unlike the DukeFrom the title My Last Duchess, we without delay learn that this is apersonal poem to the duke. It is a love and murder poem. It is adramatic monologue and is written as a single stanza. both(prenominal) poems also have a silent listener. In My Last Duchess thesilent listener is the Ambassador for the Count, who i s the father ofthe Dukes next bride whereas in Porphyrias Lover the silentlistener could be a number of people it could be a police officer, orhe could just be telling the story to a friend. There is no evidencein the poem, which tells the reader who he is talking to.The tone in these poems is important as it acts as a contrast to thecontent of the poem. In My Last Duchess, Browning uses a soft toneand describes the Duke having the Duchess killed subtly, This grewI gave commands/ Then all smiles stopped together. Browningdescribes this without changing the tone.However in Porphyrias Lover the tone is general and soft throughoutthe poem until the point in which the Lover murders Porphyria, I... ...both of the characters killtheir lovers.She was mine, mine, fair,/ Perfectly pure and good. This is what thelover said before he killed Porphyria. He kills her because at thatprecise moment in time he has complete power and control overPorphyria and wants to preserve this.Browning uses a simile extremely effectively in Porphyrias Lover todescribe the body of Porphyria. He says As a shut bud that holds abee. This gives the reader the image that her soul is settle down alive buther body is dead. The bud is shut and the bee is still alive inside ofit.Overall, I found these poems both quite enjoyable to read. I enjoyedMy Last Duchess less than I enjoyed Porphyrias Lover. This isbecause the murder in Porphyrias Lover was so unexpected and ashock whereas in My Last Duchess, it was written more subtly givingit less excitement.

A Comparison of My Last Duchess and Porphyrias Lover Essays -- Robert

My Last Duchess is a poem about an arrogant and extremely powerfulDuke who is describing his deceased Duchess. From the word last inthe title it is implied that the duke has had more than one duchess.In this poem, the Duke is extremely egotistic. He says, I choosenever to stoop. The duchess would look at everyone in the world as cosmos equal no matter what class they are. The duke however cannot dothis. He is too worried about his appearance.Porphyrias Lover is a poem in which a man describes an evening inwhich his lover, Porphyria, visits him and he unexpectedly murdersher. In this it is unlike My Last Duchess because Porphyriaworships her lover unlike the DukeFrom the title My Last Duchess, we immediately learn that this is apersonal poem to the duke. It is a love and murder poem. It is adramatic monologue and is written as a single stanza.Both poems also acquit a silent listener. In My Last Duchess thesilent listener is the Ambassador for the Count, who is the father ofthe Dukes next bride whereas in Porphyrias Lover the silentlistener could be a get of people it could be a police officer, orhe could just be telling the story to a friend. There is no evidencein the poem, which tells the reader who he is talking to.The tone in these poems is important as it acts as a contrast to thecontent of the poem. In My Last Duchess, Browning uses a soft toneand describes the Duke having the Duchess killed subtly, This grewI gave commands/ Then all smiles stopped together. Browningdescribes this without changing the tone.However in Porphyrias Lover the tone is normal and soft throughoutthe poem until the point in which the Lover murders Porphyria, I... ...both of the characters killtheir lovers.She was mine, mine, fair,/ Perfectly pure and good. This is what thelover said before he killed Porphyria. He kills her because at that little moment in time he has complete power and control overPorphyria and wants to preserve this.Browning uses a simile extremely effectively in Porphyrias Lover todescribe the body of Porphyria. He says As a shut bud that holds abee. This gives the reader the image that her soul is still alive unless(prenominal)her body is dead. The bud is shut and the bee is still alive inside ofit.Overall, I found these poems both quite enjoyable to read. I enjoyedMy Last Duchess less than I enjoyed Porphyrias Lover. This isbecause the murder in Porphyrias Lover was so unexpected and ashock whereas in My Last Duchess, it was written more subtly givingit less excitement.

The Illusion of Transparency in Negotiations

Research Reports The Illusion of enhancer in dialogs Leaf Van Boven, Thomas Gilovich, and Victoria Husted Medvec The authors take ind whether negotiators atomic number 18 wedded to an whoremonger of hydrofoil, or the belief that their private estimations and feelings are more discernible to their talks p trickners than they actu severallyy are. In theatre One, negotiators who were trying to conceal their preferences suasion that their preferences had leaked let break more than they veritablely did.In Study 2, examined negotiators who were trying to pass along information close to some(prenominal)(prenominal) of their preferences overratingd their partners might to discern them. The results of Study Three overlook out the possibility that the findings are simply the result of the curse of fellowship, or the projection of whizs feature knowledge onto some others. intervention explores how the illusion of transparence might impede negotiators success. I mos t cartoon depictions of negotiators in action (a tiny fraction of the cartoon universe, we admit), negotiators are sh proclaim with dialog bubbles depicting their overt comments and design bubbles revealing their private thoughts. These conventions convey the different levels at which negotiators ope yard Some of their inadequacys, wishes, and worries are conveyed to the other side, tho some are held back for strategic advantage. Because iodine task in negotiation is deciding how much information to hold back (Raiffa 1982),Leaf Van Boven is an Assistant Professor of Psychology at the University of Colorado, Boulder, Campus misfortune 345, Boulder, Colo. 80309. Email emailprotected edu. Thomas Gilovich is a Professor of Psychology at Cornell University, Department of Psychology, Ithaca, N. Y. 15850. Email emailprotected edu. Victoria Husted Medvec is the Adeline Barry Davee Associate Professor of Management and Organizations at north Universitys Kellogg School of Management, 20 01 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Ill. 60201. Emailemailprotected orthwestern. edu. 0748-4526/03/0400-0117/0 2003 Plenum Publishing Corporation dialogue journal April 2003 117 it follows that part of the phenomenology of negotiation is monitoring how sanitary atomic number 53 has conveyed what one wants to convey and hidden what one wants to conceal. Do negotiators know how well they generate conveyed or concealed their preferences? Typically, negotiators know what they have and have non said, of course, so they may generally have a good idea what their partners know about their preferences.But how well calibrated are negotiators assessments of what they have conveyed and concealed? We explored one source of potential miscalibration, namely, whether negotiators get laid an illusion of enhancer, overestimating the extent to which their internal conjure ups leak out and are known by others (Gilovich, Savitsky, and Medvec 1998). Most interrogation on the illusion of transparency shows that tidy sum over estimate their ability to conceal private information. But there is also evidence that people friendship the illusion when trying to convey private information.Individuals who were asked to convey emotions with nervus facialis expressions alone overratingd observers ability to discern the expressed emotion (Savitsky 1997). Likewise, instrumentalists who were videotaped while exposed to humorous material thought they had been more expressive than observers subsequently rated them as beingness (Barr and Kleck 1995). These findings suggest that, when trying either to conceal or convey information, negotiators may experience an illusion of transparency, overestimating what their partners know about their preferences.Whether they do so is essential, because previous research has shown that the likelihood of (optimal) settlement is often contingent on accurate perceptions of what others know about ones own preferences (Bazerman and Neale 1992 Raiffa 1982 Thompson 1991). We conducted three different studies to examine whether negotiators experience an illusion of transparency in negotiations. Studies One and Three examined whether novice negotiators trying to conceal their preferences t last to overestimate the likelihood that their negotiation partners would be fitting to come in those preferences.Study Two investigated whether experient negotiators attempting to communicate some of their preferences also succumb to an illusion of transparency. Study Three was also designed to distinguish the illusion of transparency from the curse of knowledge, or the tendency to project ones knowledge onto others (Camerer, Loewenstein, and Weber 1989 Keysar and Bly 1995 Keysar, Ginzel, and Bazerman 1995). Specifically, we examined whether observers who are cursed with the alike(p) knowledge as the negotiators exhibit the very(prenominal)(p) biases as the negotiators themselves.Study One system Twenty-four previously unacquainted Cornell Univ ersity undergraduates participated in pairs in exchange for course credit. Participants l make that 118 Van Boven, Gilovich, and Medvec The Illusion of Transparency in Negotiations they would complete a negotiation exercise in which they would each represent the provost at one of ii campuses of a multi-campus university scheme. Because of budget constraints, all of the systems eight fond psychologists inevitable to be consolidated at the both provosts universities.The provosts were to negotiate the distribution of the social psychologists between the two campuses. Participants were informed that some social psychologists were more semiprecious than others, and that some were more valuable to one campus than the other. These differences were summarized in a report describing the strengths and weaknesses of each psychologist and assigning each a circumstantial number of flowers. The eight psychologists were among the fifteen most frequently cited in social psychology textbook s (Gordon and Vicarii 1992).To familiarize participants with the psychologist and his or her expertise, each psychologist was depicted on a 2- by 4-inch laminated trading card that displayed a picture of the social psychologist, his or her name, and two of his or her better-known publications. Each negotiators most and least valuable psychologists were assigned +5 and 5 points, respectively, and the other psychologists were assigned intermediate values. The experimenter said that all psychologists must be employed at one of the two universities because all were tenured.The most and least valuable psychologists were non the analogous for the two negotiators the correlation between how much each of the eight psychologists was worth to the two participants was . 79. Participants were told that they should conceal their report, which was slenderly different from the other participants report. Because pilot testing indicated that many participants were unsure how to negotiate, we show ed them a quintet dollar bill-minute videotape of a staged negotiation in which two confederates bartered over who would get (or be forced to acquire) each psychologist.Confederates were shown trading cards actively back and forth. Participants were given as much time as they needed to negotiate, usually about 30 minutes. They were told that several prizes would be awarded at the end of the academic term (e. g. , a $50 gift certificate to the Cornell book store, dinner for two at a local restaurant) and their peril of winning a prize corresponded to the number of points they earned in the negotiation. We asked participants some(prenominal) ahead of time in the negotiation ( by and by approximately five minutes) and at the end to name their partners most valuable and least valuable psychologists.At both times, we also asked them to estimate the likelihood (expressed as a percentage) that their partner would right on identify their most and least valuable psychologists. We poin ted out that the probability of correct credit by medical prognosis alone was 12. 5 percent. Question order was counterbalanced, with no effect of order in any of our analyses. Negotiation Journal April 2003 119 Results and Discussion Our key analysis was a comparison of participants mean estimates to a null value derived from the overall accuracy rate.Participants can be said to exhibit an illusion of transparency if their estimates, on average, are higher than the actual accuracy rate. As predicted, negotiators overestimated their partners ability to detect their preferences, but only after the negotiation was complete (see Table One). Early in the negotiation, individuals about underestimated (by 2 percent) the likelihood that their partners would properly identify their most valuable psychologist and slightly overestimated (by 8 percent) the likelihood that their partners would identify their least valuable psychologist.Neither of these differences was statistically reliable . 1 Following the negotiation, participants overestimated the probability that their partners would identify correctly their most and least valuable psychologists by 14 percent and 13 percent, respectively. Both of these differences were statistically reliable. That is, the probability that negotiators overestimated by pure chance how much their partners knew about their preferences is less than . 05 (the t statistics for these two comparisons are 3. 16 and 3. 30, respectively). Negotiators thus experienced an illusion of transparency at the end of the negotiation, overestimating their partners ability to discern their preferences. Table One Negotiators estimates of the likelihood that their partners would be able to identify their most and least valuable social psychologists, and the corresponding percentages actually able to do so. Estimated % Early negotiation Most valuable Least valuable Post negotiation Most valuable Least valuable 72%* 76%* 58% 63% 69% 58% 71% 50% Actual % Not e * indicates that the estimated percentage is reliably greater than the corresponding actual percentage, p . 5 120 Van Boven, Gilovich, and Medvec The Illusion of Transparency in Negotiations These findings extend earlier research on the illusion of transparency, showing that negotiators believe their inner thoughts and preferences leak out and are more discernible than they really are. This result was obtained only during the snatch assessment, but we do not wish to make too much of this finding. First, it is simply surprising because, at the time of the initial assessment, most groups had yet to engage in much discussion of specific candidates, and thus there was little fortune for participants references to have leaked out. Furthermore, it was only participants estimates of the detectibility of their least valuable psychologists that rose predictably (from 58 to 76 percent) from early in the negotiation to the end an increase that was highly statistically reliable (t = 3. 7 8). Their estimates of the detectibility of their most valuable psychologists stayed largely the same across the course of the negotiation (from 69 to 72 percent) and it was only a decrease in identification accuracy (from 71 to 58 percent) over time that led to the difference in the magnitude of the illusion of transparency.These subsidiary findings may result from the usual dynamics of the negotiation process Negotiators typically focus initially on the most heavy youngs, postponing a discussion of less important issues or of what they are automatic to give up to obtain what they want until afterward in the negotiation. This would explain why negotiators felt that they had al canvassy leaked information about their most important psychologists early in the negotiation, but that a similar feeling of leakage regarding their least important psychologists took longer to develop.This tendency might also explain why it may have been relatively easy for the negotiators to discern one anothers top choices early in the discussion. It may have been harder to do so later on, after the negotiators discussed all of the psychologists and the various tradeoffs between them. Study Two In Study One, participants experienced an illusion of transparency when they were instructed to conceal their preferences from their partners. In many negotiations away the laboratory, however, negotiators often attempt to communicate rather than conceal their preferences.In fact, negotiation instructors often advise MBAs and other would-be negotiators to communicate information about their preferences. Do negotiators experience an illusion of transparency when they attempt to communicate rather than conceal their preferences? Past research has shown that people experience an illusion of transparency when trying (nonverbally) to convey thoughts and feelings in settings outside negotiations (Barr and Kleck 1995 Savitsky 1997).We therefore examined whether negotiators attempting to communic ate some of their preferences, whose efforts at communication are not limited to nonverbal channels, would likewise experience an illusion of transparency. Negotiation Journal April 2003 121 As part of a classroom exercise, MBA students in negotiation courses completed a complex six-party negotiation simulation (Harborco, a teaching hawkshaw available from the Clearinghouse of the Program on Negotiation at Harvard Law School, www. pon. org). The course emphasized the importance of negotiators communicating some of their preferences to one another in negotiations. preceding to the Harborco negotiation, students had engaged in numerous other exercises in which their failure to convey information resulted in nonoptimal settlements. To verify that the Harborco negotiators were attempting to communicate information about their preferences, we asked 22 Cornell and Northwestern University MBA students (not included in following study) who had just completed the Harborco negotiation to ind icate which scheme they engaged in more an information-sharing strategy (attempting to communicate their preferences to others), or an information-hiding strategy (attempting to conceal their preferences from others).Everyone indicated that they used the information-sharing strategy more. We hypothesized that the same psychological processes that sound novice negotiators trying to conceal their preferences to experience an illusion of transparency would also lead experienced negotiators trying to communicate at least some of their preferences to experience a similar illusion. We thus predicted that participants would overestimate the number of other negotiators who could correctly identify their preferences.Method Two hundred and forty MBA students at Cornell and Northwestern completed the Harborco simulation, negotiating whether, and under what circumstances, a major new seaport would be built off the sailing of a fictional city. There were six parties to the negotiation. The ne gotiator who represented Harborco (a consortium of investors) was most central. A second negotiator, representing the federal agency that oversees the development of such seaports, had to influence whether to subsidize a $3 billion loan Harborco had requested.The other negotiators represented the state governor, the labor unions from surrounding seaports, the owners of other ports that might be affected by a new seaport, and environmentalists concerned about the impact of a new seaport on the local ecology. The negotiation involved five issues, each with several options of varying importance to the six parties. For each negotiator, points were assigned to each option of each issue. Student performance was evaluated according to the number of points accumulated.For example, the most important issue to the Harborco representative was the approval of the subsidized loan (worth 35 points for approval of the full $3 billion, 29 points for approval of a $2 billion loan, etc. ) the second most important issue was the compensation to other ports for their expected losses due to the new seaport (worth 23 points for no compensation, 15 points for compensation of $ one hundred fifty million, 122 Van Boven, Gilovich, and Medvec The Illusion of Transparency in Negotiations etc. ).The Harborco negotiators preference order for the five issues was somewhat different from the preference order of the other five negotiators. Participants were given approximately one and a half hours to reach an agreement. They were required to vote on a settlement proposed by the Harborco negotiator at three points during the negotiation after 20 minutes, after one hour, and at the end. A successful agreement required the approval of at least five negotiators. Any agreement that included the subsidized loan required the approval of the federal agency representative.The Harborco negotiator could veto any proposal. The dependent measures, collected after the first and final rounds of voting, conce rned the Harborco negotiators estimates of the other negotiators identification of his or her preference order. The Harborco negotiators estimated how many of the other five negotiators would identify the rank rules of order (to the Harborco negotiator) of each issue for example, how many would identify the approval of the loan as their most important issue? We made clear that one negotiator would try the exact importance of each issue by chance alone.Meanwhile, each of the other negotiators estimated the issue that was most important to Harborco, second most important, and so on. throw One public figure able to identify each issue 5 4 3 2 1 0 Predicted Number Actual Number ird co nd rth co nd Th ird th Fo ur h Fi rs Fi rs Fi ft Fi rs Th Se Fo u First dishonour ISSUE IMPORTANCE Predicted and actual number of negotiators able to identify correctly the importance of each issue to the Harborco negotiator after the first and final rounds of voting.Results and Discussion The dashed lines in Figure One indicate that, as predicted, the Harborco negotiators estimate of the number of other negotiators who could identify the rank of each issue was greater than the actual number of negotiators able Negotiation Journal April 2003 123 Se Second Round Fi ft h t t t to do so (as indicated by the solid lines). Following the first round of voting, the Harborco negotiators overestimated the number of their fellow negotiators able to identify the importance to them of all mid-range issues. All these differences were statistically reliable (all ts 2. 0). Negotiators did not overestimate the number of negotiators able to identify their most and least important issues. Following the final round of voting, Harborco representatives overestimated the number of negotiators able to identify their four most important issues. This overestimation was statistically reliable for the four most important issues (all t 2. 25), and was marginally reliable with a probability level of . 14 for the least important issue (t = 1. 5). These findings replicate and extend those of Study One and of previous research on the illusion of transparency.Experienced negotiators who were attempting to convey (rather than conceal) their preferences to other negotiators tended to overestimate the transparency of those preferences. Study Three We contend that negotiators overestimation of their partners ability to discern their preferences reflects an egocentric illusion whereby negotiators overestimate the transparency of their internal states. An alternative account is that negotiators experience a curse of knowledge, overestimating the knowability of whatever they themselves know (Camerer et al. 989 Keysar and Bly, 1995 Keysar et al. 1995). Negotiators may thus overestimate the discernibility of their preferences because they cannot undo the knowledge of their own preferences, not because they feel like their preferences leaked out. Studies One and Two provide some evidence agai nst this alternative interpretation because participants did not significantly overestimate their partners ability to discern their preferences early in the negotiation when they were cursed with the same knowledge, but had little opportunity for their preferences to leak out.To provide a more rigorous test of this alternative interpretation, Study Three employed a mental image in which observers were yoked to each individual negotiator. The observers were informed of their counterparts preferences and thus were cursed with the same abstract knowledge, but not with the phenomenology of having and possibly leaking the negotiators preferences. After ceremonial occasion a videotaped negotiation between their yoked counterpart and another negotiator, observers estimated the likelihood that their counterparts negotiation partner would identify their counterparts preferences.We expected that observers estimates would be lower than actual negotiators estimates because observers would not have the experience of their preferences leaking out. 124 Van Boven, Gilovich, and Medvec The Illusion of Transparency in Negotiations Method Twenty-four previously unacquainted Northwestern University undergraduates participated in pairs in exchange for the opportunity to earn between $4 and $13, based on their performance in the negotiation. Negotiators were taken to separate rooms and given book of instructions for the negotiation.The negotiation was similar to that used in Study One, except that it involved a buyer-seller framework, with which we felt our participants would be familiar. Participants learned that they would act as a provost of one of two campuses of a large university system. Because of budget cuts, the larger of the two campuses (the seller) needed to eliminate fifteen of its 35 psychology department aptitude. Because the fifteen efficacy were tenured, they could not be fired, but they could be transferred to the smaller of the two campuses (the buyer), which was trying to acquire faculty.Participants were to negotiate over the fifteen psychologists in play any faculty not acquired by the buyer would remain at the sellers campus. Participants were given a report that described each psychologist and his or her associated point value. Some of the psychologists had a positive value to buyers and a negative value to sellers, others had a positive value to both, and still others had a negative value to both. Participants were told that they should not show their confidential reports to the other negotiator.Participants earned 25 cents for every positive point and had to pay 25 cents for every negative point they accumulated. To give buyers and sellers an equalize chance to make the same amount of money, we endowed sellers with an initial stake of $10 and buyers with an initial stake of $4. If buyers obtained all nine of the beneficial faculty and none of the four costly faculty (two were worth 0 points) they earned an additional $8, fo r $12 total. Similarly, if the sellers eliminated all eight costly faculty and retained all five beneficial faculty (two were worth 0 points) they earned $2, for $12 total.If no agreement was reached, sellers retained all faculty, losing $6, and buyers acquired no psychologists, leaving both with $4. As in Study One, we gave participants laminated trading cards with a picture of each psychologist and two of that psychologists better-known works on the back. The fifteen faculty members, although in globe all social psychologists, were arbitrarily divided into the three subdisciplines of social, clinical, and human-experimental psychology. We designed the payoffs so that the sychologist within each discipline who the buyer most wanted to obtain was not the psychologist the seller most wanted to eliminate. To encourage participants to obtain or retain psychologists across the three disciplines, sellers were offered an additional two points if they eliminated at least one faculty member from each discipline, and an additional four points if they eliminated at least two from each discipline. Similarly, buyers were offered an additional two points if they acquired at least one facultyNegotiation Journal April 2003 125 member from each discipline, and an additional four points if they acquired at least two from each discipline. Thus, maximum earnings for buyers and sellers were $13 (the $12 earned by accumulating all possible positive points, no negative points, plus the $1 bonus). After negotiators understood their task, they were brought together and given as long as they needed to negotiate a division of the fifteen psychologists, usually about 20 minutes.Afterward, buyers estimated the likelihood (expressed as a percentage) that the seller would correctly identify the psychologists from each subdiscipline who were the most and least important for the buyer to obtain sellers estimated the likelihood that the buyer would correctly identify the psychologists from ea ch subdiscipline who were the most and least important for the seller to eliminate. Participants were told that the chance accuracy rate was 20% percent. Buyers were also asked to identify the psychologists from each subdiscipline who were the most and least important for the seller to eliminate, and sellers were asked to make analogous judgments about the buyers incentive structure. pick up Condition. Twelve pairs of previously unacquainted Northwestern undergraduates were paid $6 and yoked to one of the 12 pairs from the negotiation condition one student matched to the buyer and one to the seller. Participants read the instructions given to their yoked counterpart (either the buyer or seller) in the actual negotiation before viewing their counterparts videotaped negotiation.Participants then made the same estimates as their counterparts in the negotiation condition, identifying the psychologists from each subdiscipline who were most and least important for their counterparts neg otiation partner to acquire (or eliminate), and estimating the likelihood that their counterparts negotiation partner would be able to guess the psychologists in each subdiscipline who were most and least important for their counterpart to obtain (or eliminate). Results Negotiators. As anticipated, negotiators exhibited an illusion of transparency.As can be see in the left and right columns of Table Two, buyers and sellers overestimated their partners ability to identify their most important psychologists by 20 percent both statistically reliable differences (ts= 3. 58 and 3. 45, respectively). Buyers and sellers also overestimated the likelihood that their partner would be able to identify their least important psychologists by 4 percent and 25 percent, respectively, with only the latter result statistically reliable (t = 4. 34). view as participants.Control participants displayed a curse of knowledge, overestimating the likelihood that their counterparts negotiation partner woul d correctly identify their counterparts preferences (compare the center and right columns of Table Two). This was particularly true for 126 Van Boven, Gilovich, and Medvec The Illusion of Transparency in Negotiations those yoked to sellers They reliably overestimated the likelihood that their yoked counterparts negotiation partners would identify their counterparts most and least important psychologists by 12 percent and 19 percent, respectively (ts = 2. 58 and 4. 9). Control participants who were yoked to buyers, in contrast, did not overestimate the likelihood that their yoked counterparts negotiation partners would overestimate their counterparts preferences. Table Two Participants estimates of the likelihood that their negotiators partners were able to identify the negotiators most and least important psychologists, and the corresponding percentages actually able to do so. Negotiators Estimates Control Estimates Actual Accuracy Most Important Buyers Sellers Least Important Buyer s Sellers 62% 68%* 56% 63%* 58% 42% 70%* 59%* 53% 51%* 50% 39%Note * indicates that the estimated percentage is reliably greater than the corresponding actual percentage, p . 05 More important, in every case the obtain participants estimates (overall M = 56 percent) were lower than the actual negotiators estimates (overall M = 64 percent) a statistically reliable difference (t = 2. 53). Thus, negotiators overestimated the transparency of their preferences more than yoked observers who were cursed with the same knowledge, but did not have the same subjective experience as negotiators themselves.Discussion The results of Study Three indicate that negotiators overestimation of their partners ability to discern their preferences stems from both a curse of knowledge and an illusion of transparency. Observers who were provided with the same abstract knowledge as the negotiators those provided with Negotiation Journal April 2003 127 abstract information about sellers preferences at any rate overestimated the likelihood that those preferences would be detected. However, this effect was not as strong as that found for actual negotiators estimates.Those participants, possessing more detailed knowledge about how it felt to want to obtain some psychologists and avoid others, apparently thought that some of those feelings had leaked out to their partners because they made significantly higher estimates of the likelihood of detection than the observers did. Negotiators experience an illusion of transparency over and above any curse of knowledge to which they are subject. What Does it All Mean? These three studies provide consistent support for an illusion of transparency in negotiations.Undergraduate students who were instructed to conceal their preferences thought that they had tipped their hand more than they actually had (Studies One and Three). Likewise, business students experienced in negotiation who were attempting to communicate information about some of their preferences overestimated how successfully they had done so (Study Three). These results are not due to an abstract curse of knowledge because observers who were cursed with the same knowledge as the negotiators did not overestimate the detectibility of the negotiators preferences to the same extent as the negotiators did (Study Three).The illusion of transparency is thus due to the sense that ones specific actions and reactions that arise in the tidings of negotiation a blush here, an averted gaze there are more telling than they actually are. These results complement and extend findings by Vorauer and Claude (1998) who examined participants ability to estimate how well others could discern their general approach to a joint problem-solving exercise i. e. , whether they were most interested in being assertive, being carnival, being accommodating, and so on.They found that participants thought their goals would be more readily discerned than they actually were. Their findings, h owever, appear to reflect a curse of knowledge rather than an illusion of transparency because their participants estimates of the detectibility of their own goals were just the same as those made by observers who were simply informed of the participants goals. The Vorauer and Claude findings should not be surprising since their participants did not actually engage in face-to-face interaction.Instead, each participant exchanged notes with a phantom other, whose responses were crafted by the experimenters. Without interaction, it is difficult see how an illusory sense of transparency could emerge. Vorauer and Claudes studies, along with the results of Study Three, suggest that the curse of knowledge can likewise lead to exaggerated estimates of how readily ones negotiation partner can discern ones own sight on the negotiation (Keysar et al. 1995). 128 Van Boven, Gilovich, and Medvec The Illusion of Transparency in NegotiationsIt is important to note that both the illusion of transpa rency and the curse of knowledge reflect peoples difficulty in getting beyond their privileged information. In the curse of knowledge, this information is abstract knowledge of ones beliefs, preferences, or goals in the illusion of transparency, this information is more detailed, phenomenological knowledge of how one feels or how difficult it was to suppress a particular reaction. At one level, then, it may be fair to characterize the illusion of transparency as a special case of knowledge more detailed and affect-laden with which one is cursed.At another level, however, the differences between the two phenomena may be sufficiently pronounced that there is more to be gained by viewing them as distinct. Ultimately, a more complete understanding of the birth between the curse of knowledge and illusion of transparency must await the outcome of further research. Future research might also further examine the underlying mechanism proposed for the illusion of transparency. Gilovich et al. (1998) attribute the phenomenon to a process much like Tversky and Kahnemans (1974) anchoring and adjustment heuristic.When attempting to ascertain how apparent their internal states are to others, people are likely to begin the process of judgment from their own subjective experience. Because people know that others are not as privy to their internal states as they are themselves, they adjust from their own perspective to capture others perspective. Because such adjustments tend to be insufficient (Tversky and Kahneman 1974 Epley and Gilovich 2001), the net result is a residual effect of ones own phenomenology, and the feeling that one is more transparent than is actually the case.This account suggests that the illusion of transparency should be particularly pronounced when the internal state being assessed is one that is strongly and clearly felt, such as when negotiating especially important issues. In addition, future research might examine the impact of the illusion of tran sparency on negotiation processes and outcomes. Thompson (1991) has shown that when negotiators have different priorities, negotiators who provide information about their priorities to their partners fare better than those who do not.The illusion of transparency may lead negotiators to hold back information about their priorities in the mistaken belief that one has conveyed too much information already. By leading negotiators to believe that their own preferences are more apparent than they really are, the illusion of transparency may give rise to the belief that the other side is being less able and cooperative than they are themselves which may lead each negotiator to hold back even more. The process can thus spiral in the prostitute direction toward greater secrecy. Negotiation Journal April 2003 129It may be advantageous, then, for negotiators to be aware of the illusion of transparency. If negotiators know they tend to conceal less than they think they do, they may open up a bit more and increase their chances of reaching optimal agreements. In other words, knowing that ones own thought bubbles are invisible to others can lead to more successful negotiations. NOTES This research was supported by Research Grant SBR9319558 from the National Science Foundation. We thank Tina Rackitt her protagonist in collecting data and Dennis Regan for his comments on an earlier draft. 1.Because the data for each pair of negotiators are interdependent, all analyses in this and subsequent studies used the dyad (or group) as the unit of analysis. 2. A t statistic is a measure of how extreme a statistical estimate is. Specifically, a t is the ratio of the difference between a hypothesized value and an ascertained value, divided by the standard error of the sampled distribution. Consider negotiators estimates, following the negotiation, that their negotiation partner had a 72 percent chance of correctly identifying their most valuable psychologist. Because, in actuality, e gotiators identified their partners most valuable psychologist only 58 percent of the time, the difference between the hypothesized value (58 percent) and the observed value (72 percent) is 14 percent. The standard error, in this case, is the standard deviation of the difference between a negotiators predicted likelihood and the actual likelihood (the average squared difference between these two scores), divided by the square root of the sample size. In general, t statistics more extreme than 1. 96 are statistically reliable that is, the probability that the observed difference is due to chance alone is less than . 5. 3. We also asked negotiators to estimate which subdiscipline was most important to their partner, and to estimate the likelihood that their partner would discern correctly their own preference order vis-a-vis the three subdisciplines. During debriefing, however, participants said they found these questions confusing because they did not parse the 15 faculty according to their subdiscipline, but instead rivet on the value of each individual faculty. These responses are therefore not discussed further. REFERENCES Barr, C. L. and R. E. Kleck. 1995.Self-other perception of the intensity of facial expressions of emotion Do we know what we show? Journal of Personality and hearty Psychology 68 608-618. Bazerman, M. H. and M. Neale. 1992. Negotiating rationality. New York Free Press. Camerer, C. , G. Loewenstein, and M. Weber. 1989. The curse of knowledge in economic settings An experimental analysis. Journal of Political Economy 97 1232-1253. Epley, N. and T. Gilovich. 2001. Putting adjustment back in the anchoring and adjustment heuristic An examination of self-generated and experimenter-provided anchors.Psychological Science 12 391-396. Gilovich, T. D. , K. K. Savitsky, and V. H. Medvec. 1998. The illusion of transparency Biased assessments of others ability to read our emotional states. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 75 332-346. Gord on, R. A. and P. J. Vicarii. 1992. Eminence in social psychology A comparison of textbook citation, social science citation index, and research productivity rankings. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin 18 26-38. Keysar, B. and B. Bly. 1995. Intuitions about the transparency of intention Linguistic perspective pickings in text.Cognitive Psychology 26 165-208. Keysar, B. , L. E. Ginzel, and M. H. Bazerman. 1995. States of affairs and states of mind The effect of knowledge on beliefs. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes 64 283293. Raiffa, H. 1982. The art and science of negotiation. Cambridge, Mass. Harvard University Press. 130 Van Boven, Gilovich, and Medvec The Illusion of Transparency in Negotiations Savitsky, K. 1997. Perceived transparency of and the leakage of emotional states Do we know how little we show? unpublished doctoral dissertation, Cornell University.Thompson, L. 1990. An examination of naive and experienced negotiators. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 26 528-544. . 1991. Information exchange in negotiation. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology 27 161-179. Tversky, A. and D. Kahneman. 1974. Judgment under uncertainty Heuristics and biases. Science 185 1124-1131. Vorauer, J. D. and S. Claude. 1998. Perceived versus actual transparency of goals in negotiation. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin 24 371-385. Negotiation Journal April 2003 131

Focus Bpr from Dell Inc.

Focus BPR from dingle Inc. In recent centuries, market conditions are changing all the time. Tens of thousands of enterprises are faced with severe challenges due to the increasingly fierce competition. The competition makes guests have more choices for commodities as well as higher requests to services. What should companies do for the sake of gaining a foothold and developing their own advantages? Most of them had already found the answer business process reengineering. Business process reengineering, which also called BPR, is the synopsis and redesign of workflow within and between enterprises (Baltzan and Phillips 30).Companies will think over the existing process, redesign the process and then establish new process structures concord to customers demand by using advanced manufacturing technology, information technology and modern management means, so as to realize great improvements. One of the BPR cases occurs at dell Incorporated, one of the largest PC vendors in the wor ld. Unlike the rival Compaq Computer Corporation, which uses a vast network of resellers, Dell sells all its systems directly to its customers (Zuckerman 18).It recently redesigned its computers so that individually computer consisting many of the same component split. The company is able to minimize the inventories it hold in order to reduce the inventory represent. Stocking a few parts instead of large work makes Dell be able to respond quickly to the market condition, for example, emergence of new technology, change of customer demand and boilers suit prices standard. Dell even wants to go further. The company had experienced a new factory in Austin, where the new plant would have nowhere to storage. We believe that if you taket have any place for inventory, then you wont have any inventory. Mr. Dell said (Zuckerman 22). Dell will not take down to produce a machine until it has received an order from customer. They do not have to bother to ponder what clients really need, because customers will tell them directly. When a customer places an order, the custom parts requested by the customer are automatically sent to the manufacturer for shipment (Business Process Reengineering). It can reduce the maintenance cost for inventory.However, BPR could be a double-edged sword. If Dell only builds a machine when customers tell them to, it will take some time. While other computer manufacturers aptitude have already sold several finished products during Dells producing period. It needs to weigh between the time value and the inventory cost. The success that Dell achieves owes to the understanding of business process reengineering. Corporations should monitor the existing system and break the traditional organization structure to reengineer so as to make great improvements in cost, quality and service.Works Cited Baltzan, Paige and Amy Phillips. Business Driven Technology. Ed. Carrie Braun. 4th. Springfield Missouri State University, 2010. Business Process Reen gineering. 2008. . Zuckerman, Laurence. Do Computers Lift Productivity? Its Unclear, But Business Is Sold. 2 January 1997. 2 January 1997 http//www. nytimes. com/1997/01/02/business/do-computers-lift-productivity-it-s-unclear-but-business-is-sold. html? pagewanted=allsrc=pm.

Narrative on `The Dream of the Rood`

As the first known dream poem in English literature, The Dream of the Rood has stood as one of the most celebrated and profound works in verse around the world. Along with a penetrating, mystical vision of Christian spirituality and light up Biblical allusion, the poem offers a diverse and divine form and expression to match its powerful theme and images. The Dream of the Rood is best understood as an imaginative re-enactment of a private penitential experience This critically acclaimed, dramatic Old English poem is the first dream-vision in English, and its most enduring features are a startling use of language, powerful prosopopoeia, and salient(ip) imagery. (Butcher)Along with religious imagery which overtly signals the spiritual and penitential themes of the poem, The Dream of the rood extends truly original diction and meter to propel its impact. The basic story of the poem may have been drawn from earlier sources, poems which utilized the same theme an older poem describing the agony of Jesus which may possibly have been written by Caedmon or one of his school, and which Cynewulf took up and worked at in his own fashion, adding to it where and how he pleased, and changing its expressive style of presentation making it, for instance into a dream, and adding the personification of the Tree. (Brooke 438)Using the theme of Christs crucifixion allowed the poet to soar into inventiuve language and word-choice, to establish poetry which intercommunicate the spiritual and religious impulses of the Anglo Saxon world More explicitly in what is perhaps the most famous of the Anglo-Saxon Christian poems, The Dream of the Rood, the poet represents the Crucifixion as a physically active and heroic act. (Crafton 214)This basic story is both straightforward and mystical the speaker tells of his swefna cyst, best of dreams, in which he sees the cross of the crucifixion, diverge nately bejeweled and bloody, in the sky. The cross then speaks, giving its own first p erson account of the Passion of Christ, and encouraging the dreamer to spread the message of the cross to his contemporaries. (Dockray-Miller) In order to capture the luminous and exalted feeling of inspiration and religious intoxication which permeate the poem, the poet engaged in the use of language which is both striking and deeply connotative.In generating the narrative of the poem, the poet resorted to the use of gender-charged or gender-specific language, to personify and attribute qualitites to the elements of the poem which would enable its message to emerge powerfully.Particularly concerned with how language could be used to signal a status of power, the poet of The Dream of the Rood used masculine- and feminine-coded language to signal a change in the status of power-figures. (Hawkins)Evidence of controlled and inspired diction is obvious from the poems opening lines the poet announces he will recount the swefna cyst, or best of dreams, the first-time reader thinks nothing of the phrase except that it signifies truth in dreaming, perhaps however, on second and third passes through the poem, the reader becomes aware that this diction deserves close scrutiny the poet is establishing that both his narrators dream and the corner in that dream are the best that is to say, they are ultimate truth. (Butcher).Likewise, the tree, described first in the poems fourth line as syllicre tr?eow, an infrangible use of the comparative syllicre, meaning a tree more marvelous than any other tree. Syllic is a variation of the adjective seldlic, from which our seldom comes. Thus, syllicre tr?eow can similarly be translated rarest tree. Immediately, the poet has established the exceptional nature of his subject. (Butcher).Works CitedBrooke, Stopford A. The History of Early English Literature Being the History of English Poetry from Its Beginnings to the Accession of magnate Aelfred. New York Macmillan, 1892.Crafton, John Michael. 11 Epic and Heroic Poetry. A Companion to Old and Middle English Literature. Ed. Laura Cooner Lambdin and Robert Thomas Lambdin. Westport, CT Greenwood Press, 2002. 210-229.Dockray-Miller, Mary. The Feminized Cross of The Dream of the Rood.. philological Quarterly 76.1 (1997) 1+.Hawkins, Emma B. Gender, Language and Power in The Dream of the Rood. Women and Language 18.2 (1995) 33+.Butcher, Carmen Acevedo. The Dream of the Rood and Its Unique, Penitential Language 1+www.carmenbutcher.com 2-5-07.

The Psychological Effect of Excessive Online Gaming in Teens and Children

7 March 2012 Real Virtual Reality The Psychological Effect of Excessive Online sport in Teens and Children Droning away on the computing device next to me, my friend is able to completely zone out his surroundings with from each one click of the mouse, he is exclusively in the virtual world he creates. His constant need to disappear from troupe and to construct his own, compels me to question the reason of why hes doing what exactly he is doing. I do non have an answer why he does what he does but at least hes doing something that he tail end be good at.However the reasons could be from a feeling of detachment from society or running away from a deeper problem that is put deep inside one egotism and not directly confronted. Gaming is not the problem. It is merely something that is used to console and comfort. The excessive use of it, however, is what give the axe hold harmful effects to normal behavior and social attitudes. It could turn into ontogenesis real psychological pro blems like social awkwardness , depression, difficulty in a job enviroment and relationships, being disconnected from reality and in some cases can develop into antisocial disorders. Meek 2) With the number of gamers and games increasing each year, (Sinclair) changes need to be done for our future generations to be more engaged and more antiphonary with society. Beginning with mentioning in such way that sets a good example of what it means to be a responsible and productive citizen, such as dynamical parenting and atively pursuing a better responive citizen. Raising churlren is indeed extremely difficult, time consuming, emotionally and physically exhausting, and is something to not to be considered lightly before having a child or children.To raise a child, is not only providing for their needs and showing affection, but also shaping the next generation of our society and what we as domain leave behind. An example is a very powerful and useful tool that we possess. A young chi ld is very apt to learn and react to each and everything a parent does or does not do. From learning from subtle signals or gestures, to the life lessons and values that they will carry on with them to adulthood. Good parenting and good pedagogics does not simply mean turning kids loose.Good parents and good teachers need to do become more educated about what children and adolescents struggle with to become the surmount parent they can be. Although gaming might not always be the first choice as parents, parents spend a lot of time at association football games and violin recitals and other things that is done not because they like them necessarily but because they matter to their kids. (Zur (a) 53) Many children find a sense of power and excitement in games. There is certainly nothing wrong with wanting power. However, the child may also be avoiding something undesirable in offline life, and dive into games to flee the real world.They can get caught up in this fantasy world that keeps them out of real life responsibilities and become addicted to the online world. An addiction the same as caffeine and nicotine. This may be affecting the childs psychological and physical well-being. Growing children and teens need face-to-face interaction to develop healthly emotional, spiritual, social and sexually and too much time at the computer and not enough sunshine, exercise, physical contact, and face-to-face interaction can leave children and teens lacking in social skills and other development.Which can cause an everywhere dependence on technology. The inability to relate or communicate effectively face-to-face alienates and isolates them from society. (Zur (c) 6) As video games become more realistic, their place in society becomes more apparent and at a level that is bigger than ever before imagined. Weve all seen or heard stories about certain people that institutionalise terrible acts allegedly under the influence of video games. It is easy to assume that fan tasy gaming is bad or harmful. Indeed, its human nature to demonize what we dont recognize and fing a place for it that is away from sight and away from being affected by it. It seems to many that even healthy fantasy like reading hassle Potter booksor sketching dungeons with pencils has to be better thanfantasy like World of Warcraft, which numbs minds, sucks the imagination, and has noredeeming value. Whether it be, parenting in a way that promotes more social activity, self realization of how the excess of gaming can effect oneself, or the herapeutic procedures that can help alleviate from the trap of becoming addicted to the virtual world. Gilsdof said it best when we said, Online gaming is not the problem, it is how people use it. Addiction is never in the object, the addiction is in the relationship one has with the object. Change begins in the person not the object. (Gilsdof) Works Cited page Gamespot. Brendan Sinclair. 2008. Gamespot Inc. 3 March 2012. http//www. gamespo t. com/news/npd-72-percent-of-us-are-gamers-6188668Psych Central, Online Gaming Addicition. Will Meek, Ph. D. Psych Central. 3 March 2012 Psychology Today,. Ethan Gilsdof. Psychology Today. 3 March 2012. Richard Allan Bartle. Hearts, Clubs, Diamonds, nigger Players Who Suit MUDs. Essex, UK Muse Ltd. 1999 Zur Institute on the Internet. (a) Ofer Zur, Ph. D. 2011. Zur Institute LLC. 3 March 2012. Zur, Ofer, Ph. D. (b) The Adventure of Online Gaming. New York Random House, 2003 Zur, Ofer, Ph. D. (c) Handling Internet Addiction Dissorder, (IAD) kale University of Chicago Publishing, 2001

Learning Knowledge for Effective Performance Essay

It instills memorial tablets with new ideas and information which is a essential component of scholarship organization. Peter Senges 5 disciplines are essential for a education organization. Systems Thinking is the crucial discipline which brings all the other factors together into a balanced theory and practice. come across 1 The 5 Basic disciplines of a training Figure 2 The Fifth Discipline by Peter organization SengeIt allows organizations to see the big picture and differentiate learning patterns within the organization. Using this principles, organizations can work with a carcass to create solutions to challenging problems in every field as Senge believes that current problems are conclusions of solutions that were employ in the past. Systems cerebration involve learning to distinguish general behaviours and create new ones to familiarize with special terms and tools that aid decision making and overly allow employees to participate in decision making.It too helps m anagers to detect repetitive patterns such as common ways of solving problems, present goals and policies that restricts the growth of the organization. It is connatural to single-loop learning. Although it takes time to be implemented, it promises a wide range of benefits to companies and improve overall achievement (Delio, 1998). Toyota For example, TPS (Toyota Production System) is an approach created by the founder of Toyota, his son and his engineer that manages logistics, manufacturing and interactions amid customer and supplier.TPS was created to bring consistency to the system and enable an effective production process, which eliminates waste. As a result, TPS worked surface and has increased production and better quality of cars. The system has made what Toyota is today a leader in the automotive manufacturing and production industry. Personal mastery is the discipline that describes personal growth and learning. Individuals who collapse a full(prenominal) degree of pe rsonal mastery are perpetually seeking learning opportunities because they are acutely aware of their ignorance, their incompetence and their growth areas (Senge, 1990).Their self-improvement and self-discovery abilities motivate a learning organization as they are self confident and have great commitment and responsibility towards work. Personal mastery allows one to distinguish what is substantial and picture the real world more clearly. Therefore, managers must help to create the environment to change by creating an atmosphere that promotes personal mastery within organization where employees should feel comfortable to create personal visions. Managers who are serious in delivering personal growth will send a powerful message to his or her employees.Disney At Disney, successful films are not made only from the ideas of managers. In fact, the top management attends an event refered Gong Show three times a year where an employee at any level is abetd to throw ideas and story li nes. Employees at Disney feel comfortable to create their personal vision. Managers then respond straightaway and reward the employee. The results would be an extraordinary concept of animated film. Mental models are deeply held internal images of how the world works, images that limit us to familiar ways of cerebration and acting (Senge, 1990).Mental models are the way how one sees things, learn and react to situations on a daily basis. Generally, people do not do what they evidence but they behave according to their kind models. Mental models are very primal in an organization because it is relates to con grades that occur. It is rather difficult to dilate systems thinking if psychogenic model is fixed in past experiences. For example, a manager will find it difficult to handle with interpersonal problem in the organization if he or she has a different perception on an employee. Many organizational learning fail when managers ignore the power of mental models.When managers in an organization develop the ability to work with mental models, it will be necessary for employees to learn new skills and orientations. Both systems thinking and mental models fit together as systems thinking concentrates on how to modify assumptions in order to show causes of problems and mental models look at revealing our hidden assumptions (Taggart. J, 2009). Therefore, it is worthless for managers to engage in systems thinking until their mental models change. apple Japan Apple introduced the concept of learning organization into their work.Apple was advised to embark upon the Five Disciplines which are important to a learning organization. apiece employee had a mental model of the way the organization operates. The learning process was more efficient when each employees mental model was brought in-line with the rest. Managers at Apple also encouraged Personal Mastery to staffs to place reasonable goals. The essential discipline was Systems Thinking, where it facilitated each employee to make decisions, taking the full-page system into account, instead of analyzing specifically on their own problems.All the 5 disciplines were implemented through a program of education and it marked improvement in sales and growth. (Adapted from Case Studies of the study Organization, n. d. ) SHARED VISION Senges (1990) shared vision is not an idea but a deeply embedded belief shared by legion(predicate) that provides focus and is a vital part of generative learning. Shared vision is derived from personal vision. Therefore, managers should encourage employees to develop personal vision so that organizations vision succeeds as both vision are engaged. It provides the focus and energy for learning making it an important component of a learning organization.Shared visions encourage new ideas and concepts within organization while encouraging experimentation. Senge claims that managers should run into that their high position in an organization does not mean that th eir personal vision is also the organizations vision. Although visions are mostly visualized by top management, it is not consider a shared vision until others in the organization touch on it with their personal vision. General Motors In General Motors (GM), a conference of executives decided to implement a new approach in automobile manufacturing as well as a new friendly working environment.Pfeffer and Sutton (2000), discuss creating an organizational learning environment with a shared vision in a flake study based on Saturn. The Saturn employees were labeled as risk takers. Later, these staffs sought and embraced a systemic change in Total Quality Management . As a result, Saturn create into a successful car company due to its shared vision among employees. TEAM LEARNING Team learning is where a group of people work together to create results that they truly desire. Team learning is built on the discipline of personal mastery and shared visions but these unsocial are not eno ugh to act wholly.Team learning involves two primary ways of communication among members which are dialogue and conflict. These are essential fixings for learning. Dialogue among members in a team creates a language that helps deal with difficult situations and focus on structural issues. It helps members to learn how to recognize the patterns of interaction which provides an hazard for members to interact with one another and discover possibilities. Conflicts is a norm in team and teams must know how to deal with disagreements well. A well handled conflict is important in a team as t often leads to effective brainstorming and problem solving matters. According to Senge, 1990 the difference between great teams and bonny teams lies in how they face conflict and deal with the defensiveness that invariably surrounds conflict. General Electrics An example here is Jack Welch, CEO of General Electrics ( GE) came up with a solution call the Work-Out program to clean up GE and improve pr oductivity. It got every employee to get involved in challenges and problems. It has adapted a learning culture among employees which make GE a learning organization.As a result, GE increased its market share from $13 billion in 1981 to $500 billion in 2000. Figure 3 The Work-Out program implemented in 1981 increased Market capitalization by $487 billion. Figure 4 Kolbs Cycle of Experiential LearningDEFINITION Concrete experienceConcerned with something that has happened to you or that you have done. Concerned with adopting your new ideas into practice. Reflective ObservationConcerned with reviewing the event or experience in your mind or exploring what you did and how you, and others feel about it.Abstract ConceptualizationConcerned with developing an ground of what happened by seeking more information and forming new ideas about ways of doing things in future. Active ExperimentationConcerned with trying out the new ideas as a result of the learning from earlier experience. Table1 Brief definitions of Kolbs cycle of Experiential Learning. Figure 4 and Table 1 adapted from Reflection on and in the workplace by L Allin and C Turnock, 2007. One may begin at any stage, but must follow each other in the sequence concrete experience (or DO) reflective observation (or OBSERVE) abstract conceptualization (or THINK) active experimentation (or PLAN) Kolb, an American educational idealogue explains how experience is translated through reflection into concepts, which is then used as a guide for current and new experimentation. This can be applied in the some(prenominal) forms of informal and formal learning in the organization where learning requires more effective as employees gets hands on experience on the knowledge they have gained. It also improves performance at workplace and influences the behavior of the learner and as such employees can enhance their performance as they are able to understand and learn better.Learning increases ability to contribute to the o rganizations success. It also contributes to a better understanding, increases communication, improves quality of decision making within organization. Organizational learning is essential for innovation ( Laundry, 1992). Innovation is vital for organizations to survive in the competitive world today. Organizations are required to think out of the box and practice continuous learning to remain top in the market. Organizational learning has affected performance of individuals as well as organization as a whole in a positive way.Most degenerates these days are categorized as learning systems. Organizations such as Fiat, Toyota, Motorola and a few others have improved tremendously after learning took place. They had both formal and informal ways of knowledge acquisition, sharing and implementation of knowledge and skills. Motorolo today is a well true organization because of its learning processes and culture where employees are fully committed to total quality management. Organizatio nal learning fosters a great opportunity for meeting goals, visions and values.Here, a manager plays a huge role not only as a charismatic leader but also as a inducing that guides employees towards change, shapes the design and structures of the organization and overall creates a positive impact on the organization. The factors that add to effective performance through organizational learning are the skills develop by employees, resources that are available in helping them learn, reward system given by employers, environment and culture. Competitive advantage is a strength a company has over their rival firms. It is an bility to operate at minimum cost, produce quality goods, and invest in Research and Development. Through organizational learning, a firm can develop the necessary knowledge that is vital for effective performance. integral knowledge can also be applied in organizational learning. Intrinsic knowledge is the knowledge which resides within the organization in terms of work relationships, attitudes and behavior. They are difficult to transfer from one to another. Employees in a company which has developed strong intrinsic knowledge will be able to use them in the operations and gain productive performance.It will help them to show a higher proactive personality together with commitment. It becomes a competitive advantage to the firm as it will be hard for competitors to follow. Federal Expresss efforts and approach of investing heavily on team learning among employees has enhanced quality and gained success. It is the ability of the firm to practice continuous learning that made it what it has become today. Although learning is a slow process, once initiated, it feeds on itself and will continue to grow and improve efficiency of employees.Today, more organizations are realizing the importance of learning to be successful in their respective markets. Knowledge within learning organizations must be discovered and shared among employees so they ca n work in a team to enhance problem solving, decision making and response to challenges. Therefore, managers in organizations should take the necessary steps to shift from organizational learning to a learning organization. Organizations such as Totoya, GE, Disney and others are clear examples of how learning efforts have helped these firms to achieve high performance and compete against competitors in the 21st century.

‘Friends’ and the play of ‘Neville’s Island’ Essay

The add together situation comedy Friends started cristal years ago when we were first introduced to Monica, Rachael, Phoebe, Chandler, Ross and Joey and today I am going to comp ar the sitcom of Friends with the short-change of Nevilles Island which was written by Tim Firth. Nevilles Island is non only a play. It has also been recently fed up(p)e into a film starring Timothy Spall, Martin Clunes, Jeff Rawle and David Bamber. Friends on the other hand was written and still remains for television and for the past ten years it has been broadcast over the Atlantic to millions of eager viewers twain in America and the U.K. In America Friends is broadcast over the television network of NBC comp ard to the U.K where it is received through with(predicate) and through Channel 4.When we first observe the film of Nevilles Island we are introduced to four businessmen, who, when their boat sinks, find themselves stranded on a small island, called Rampsholme in the middle of the Lake Dist ricts Derwent Water. The Four Characters in Nevilles Island are on a team-building weekend, they are Neville, (Jeff Rawle), has become the elected Captain of the mathematical group, who then proves he is unfit for his position when he leads the team in the molest direction. He does his best to maintain order in the groups arguments, and works well as a go-between as he proves to be very campaignable with his fellow peers, and he mindms to be the most adjusted member of the group to island life, He is dressed in an Anorak and wears glasses. He tries his hardest to keep the peace between Angus and Gordon, (Timothy Spall) who is extremely sarcastic towards his fellow peers and seems to pick up on every little flaw in their character, which by and by show him to be a bully, his cruel sarcasm begets us many odd moments through away the play of Nevilles island, such as all Christians are same(p) Radio hams. Gordon seems to have many rants at his fellow colleagues most of which res ult in handbags at dawn style tension between him and Angus, (David Bamber) whom at the start of the play he comes across as a good-natured person who is complete of optimism.Angus seems to have dressed out of the camp shop at side of his wardrobe so to speak as he is dressed constantly in cagoules, anoraks and knitted hats. Angus turns out to be a sec sad as he seems to bore everyone stiff, with his numerous attempts at cracking jokes. Also, later in the play where all hope seems to have to been lost he suddenly reveals a hidden sausage, which in the heating of proves to be very funny. He whitethorn also later have hindered the groups rescue as he seems to have bought the inbuilt stock of a camping shop and told nobody astir(predicate) it, his shopping list embarrasss a 18-inch natural language, climbing ropeand for some reason unbeknown to his fellow standees..a dinner suit Roy, (Martin Clunes), is a born-again Christian who has an un-kempt attendance.Roy has recently retu rned to work following a prolonged breakdown, later the death of his mother, Lucy, he literally hangs onto his sanity and Gordons rant about how old people only become religious because they are scared stiff, and on that point just grabbing, grabbing, grabbing at the rope, and no-ones holding the other end doesnt stand by either as this near-enough sends Roy into a relapse, and he disappears into the undergrowth with an 18-inch knife, so the group fear he may do something to harm himself, hardly later he is lay down, sat up a tree wearing only his underwear, hardly after he returns the knife to Neville, they fear he may bump off his own life again as Angus nigh mile long piece of rope has asleep(p) missing, and they think he may hang himself he also reveals to Neville that he helped his mother to end her own lifeRoy is also a keen birdwatcher, and he takes his time on the island to observe a rare falcon, and is called amongst many other things by GordonDoo-lallyFriends is a ll about 6 friends who all live in the kindred block of apartments in New York, the show takes us through their individual strengths, weaknesses, problems and goalsmost of all their intertwining relationships with each other. The characters in friends are Joey Tribbiani (Matt Leblanc.) Joey is broad-shouldered, wide-eyed and thick-headed. Joey comes from New York and is a lover who has had many partners. Joey is a not-so-good actor who never has to play-act being a good guy or a better friend, but he wants to hit the big-time as an actor. He is cheeky, and most of his jokes are sexually orientated, followed by hand gestures. Joey is sarcastic. Chandler Bing (Matthew Perry) Wise-cracks, and sets off development in characters & storyline.Chandler appears to be over-qualified at work and he seems to be afraid of wife Monica. Chandler gives really bad advice. Ross Geller (David Schwimmer) Ross is the personification of an intellectual geek as he is an expert in Palaeontology. Ross i s still looking for love after 3 divorces. He has always loved Rachael. Ross is sooner nerdy, and (most of the time) sticks to the rule book. Rachael Green (Jennifer Aniston), Rachael comes across as an IT/ Daddys girl. She dithers a lot, and is meant to be with Ross, even though they have drifted apart many times.Monica Geller Bing (Courtney Cox Arquette) utilise to be a high-school fatty, but now has slimmed down to obsessive and cleaning upset Monica. She is a good sister to Ross and a friend to everyone. After marrying Chandler, Monica seems to have made him find his maturity. Phoebe Buffay Hannigan (Lisa Kudrow) a hippie chick who has led a traumatic life, her mother killed herself, her stepfather went to prison, and she lived on the streets for some of her life. She drives people mad with her out-of-key folk songs that she writes with her guitar. Phoebe can be quite dippy, but she is kind-hearted, a good spirit, and seems to take everyday as it comes. She near enough floa ts well-nigh and I think would have fit in perfectly in the 60s. Very off-the-wall.The sitcom of friends is set in New York and it appears to be aimed at the younger generations of the 90s and 00s, this is mainly caused by its irritation and that the characters themselves are very young. In comparison to this the play of Nevilles Island is set in a remote island in the middle of a lake in the Lake District and its characters are all middle-aged around 40 years old and Nevilles Island, I think can appeal to all ages as the comedy and mishaps that occur between the four characters of Angus, Roy, Gordon and Neville could almost happen to anybody of any age. The four men in Nevilles Island are all executives of a water company and they have been sent on this team-building exercise.The friendships in either drama are very different, as the 6 friends in Friends are all immensely close and after being so for ten years they appear to have a love for each other which comes with a bond tha t makes their friendships so special to them, even though the group is half(prenominal) men, half women apart from sexual tension between Monica and Chandler, Ross and Rachael this appears to not affect their friendships whatsoever. These bonds of friendship could not be more different than in the play of Nevilles Island by Tim Firth as the four colleagues seem to have been forced to be together and this creates lots of tension between them particularly with Roy and Gordon with his rants about all Christians are like radio-hams. The four colleagues seem to be each putting up with each other constantly and we get a moxie that if they had not worked in the same workplace, these four individuals would never had considered becoming friends with each other.The Two dramas of Friends and Nevilles Island have been written in the same decade and they include many moral issues and information about current affairs for example the mood of Friends was slightly changed for a while during the a ftermath of the September 11th terrorist attacks on the World trade centres. The home life/lifestyle has affected the personalities of all the characters in either drama such as Phoebe is slightly mad and sometimes eccentric. This may have been caused by her circumstances as a child as her mother killed herself, her stepfather went to prison, and she lived on the streets for some of her life. In Nevilles Island we see Gordon who appears to bully most people he sees by picking up on every flaw in their character and using it as ammunition against them, Gordon appears to be in denial as in fact he is very lonely but refuses to admit this.There are many themes/issues that stand from the two dramas of Nevilles Island and Friends such as Status in Friends the 6 characters stand almost as individuals and they respect each other because of it and apart from instant outbursts from such characters as Monica giving rants about Crummies, but this is simply a part of Monicas character and doe s not distinguish her as having more authority over fellow friends. In melodic line to this at that place is use of Status/Power in Nevilles Island, and this comes mainly from the character Gordon bullying people and bossing them about. Gordon is not however the chosen leader of the group, who is Neville but Gordon, underestimates his given authority on the island and simply does what he wants and says what he wants regardless of their feelings. Gordon always makes sarcastic and negative comments about his fellow colleagues this makes him feel superior and powerful to the rest of the group.Friendship is a key theme in both pieces of drama as in Friends, the entire purpose of the sitcom is to display the friendship between the 6 characters however Nevilles Island meddles with the idea of leaving work-place politics behind in order the group of them to survive, whilst on the island though we realise that this group of colleagues dont actually like each other and seem to have been f orced into this team-building weekend.There are many relationships in both pieces of drama, some sexual but some arise form tension and the clash of personalities like that in Nevilles Island between Roy and Gordon. Gordon is convinced that Roy is faking his religion for attention/acceptance and goes on many rants about this for example when he tells Roy that all Christians are like radio-hams.Gordon continues to cause tension between the group when there is a clash of personalities between Angus and himself as Angus is constantly trying to tell jokes, but none of them are funny as Angus often gets the joke mixed-up, this irritates Gordon even further, and he reached the height of his irritation when he discovers that Angus seems to have an entire camping shop worthy of supplies in his backpack, along with climbing rope, an 18-inch macheteand even a 3-piece dinner suit Gordon continues to irritate Angus by simply picking on him, but this ends when Gordon accuses Angus wife of being adulterous and that right now she is screaming in ecstasy on the bread shelf in Sainsburys.Relationships in Friends that are of a sexual sense come from Ross and Rachael as since the beginning of the series they have been attracted to each other and after 3 divorces Ross seems to have found his perfect match, this applies to Rachael and in the final episode Ross and Rachael finally get together. Another relationship in the sitcom Friends comes from Monica and Chandler, they get married and later find out that they cannot have children so in the final series they have a surrogate mother and she agrees to give them her baby, but when the baby is being born in the final episode they find out that instead of one baby, they are having twins. The two remaining friends who do not get it together are Joey and Phoebe, there has never been an attraction between them and Phoebe marries a man called Mike and becomes Phoebe Buffay-Hannigan.Co-operation plays a big part in the play of Nevilles I sland by Tim Firth, the entire purpose of the team-building is to bring the four characters together as a team, so that they can co-operate together in this or any environment, but this proves surd as the four colleagues are completely incompatible and in the end simply get on each others nerves. The characters in Friends co-operate completely with each other, they help each other out in any circumstances and they work together perfectly.The tender context of the sitcom Friends by David Crane takes us through an entire decade of events through the years of 1994 -2004. Friends is set in the city of New York and focuses on city life and the glamorous lifestyles of 6 friends in coffee bean culture which is centred around their meeting place a coffee house by the name of Central Perk. The social context of Friends takes us before, during and through the aftermath of the 11th September attacks on the World Trade Centre, which all Americans including the characters in friends come out of this very patriotic. The Sitcom of Friends focuses more on the social lives of the friends rather than their work places, this is mainly shown through Chandler as we get a sense that he is successful in his job, but this is shrouded in mystery as we never find out what he does or indeed what his workplace looks like.A convention of an American sitcom is that it shows Americans in an ideal lifestyle and there is no hint of poverty or depravation and they appear to be at the higher middle-class and American viewers hope to aspire to this. These conventions are used in the sitcom Friends. Friends is filmed in a studio and no-matter-what shot is used, we never get to see that elusive other wall in contrast to this in the play Nevilles Island the weather appears to mirror the emotions of the characters, this is pathetic fallacy, and instead of being filmed in a studio, Nevilles Island is filmed in a natural environment on location.Nevilles Island is set in the 1990s and in a rural se tting as the entire play occurs outdoors. Nevilles Island is set in the time where john Major from the conservative party was Prime Minister, and the negative attitudes towards the situations used through Gordon mirror that of the time as John Major was trying to shake off and fight Margaret Thatchers Everyone for themselves view.Nevilles Island is a black comedy as it uses the juxtaposition of morbid and farcical elements to give a certain effect. The humour within Nevilles Island is created because of the contrasting characters and the way that they interact with each other. Each character has their own individual sense of humour Gordon possesses a sarcastic, negative and almost child-like sense of humour. Angus jokes are more centred on farcical subjects that when told arent very funny at all, but they appear to have been funny in Angus head as he laughs at his own jokes a lot. Roy doesnt really have a sense of humour as he appears to be too wrapped up in his religion, but somet imes he can appear to be quite argumentative and almost psychotic.The sitcom Friends is also centred on comedy and the humour is directed at and centred on the characters. The characters all respond differently to different situations but comedy is usually created by the use of facial expressions, accents, off-the-wall comments and the immense use of timing and pauses.From both plays there are many ideas that I would like to experiment with and include in my improvisation unit of Stranded, such as* Being stranded* Comedy/Sarcasm* Characters, with similarities to that of Nevilles Island and friends* One of the characters has a secret.* Tension* The types of characters that have been created for example Joeys use of timing and comments, Monicas obsessiveness, Phoebes eccentrics, Roys almost psychotic state of mind and his picture in religion or Gordons sarcasm and use of negative comments.The themes used within these two dramas, for example I have decided to prove my Stranded improv isation work to create a piece that is focused on a shipwreck, like that of Nevilles Island. The different social settings have enkindle me and I understand how they affect the piece, we have decided to set our drama on a ship that is in the middle of the Irish Sea and it is full of escaped convicts/murderers that steal the boat and hold its occupier hostage, who for coincidence the criminals know, They are all Irish.

Freedom of Speech Indian

Freedom Of Indian Press Freedom of Press In India DESPITE BEING the largest majority rule in the World, the Indian Press has never been accorded a free status. A survey of civil and political liberties carried out by Freedom House listed the Indian sign up as being partly free. What is of concern here is that it figured dismantle below countries like Burkina Faso, Cape Verde, Comoros, Ecuador andEl Salvador. Ever since, the meter of Hickey, the administration has recognized the potential of the Indian Press to be severely anti-establishment. To check the growth of the Indian contend without seeming overtly restrictive, the British politics enacted several legislation that were successful in restricting the Indian Press. This restriction has carried on to the present times.A major reason to doubt Indias freedom of the press stems from the times of the Emergency when constitutional safeguards meant to protect freedom of speech and expression were set aside. Even today the Official Secrets Act allows the Government to ban upshot of articles dealing with sensitive security issues. However, journalists feel that in practice this is occasionally used to limit criticism of government actions, particularly in Punjab and Kashmir. The Government controls even the issual of subsidized newsprint to newspapers.The mass media in India works in the absence of an absorptive infrastructure and hence widespread illiteracy and a limited audition weaken the medias efficiency. It has been alleged that the most important limitation to the medias efficiency in India is its inclination towards being a uni-directional transmitory mechanism, i. e. , a center to periphery fiber of direction that is unable to represent particularistic interests. The situation is however not so dismal.By looking at the economic consumption played by the press especially the electronic media, in the recent years, in reporting extreme situations like that of the Gujarat earthquake or other such situ ations, one notices the crucial role the press plays in bringing to the forefront the concerns of the affected populations. Despite the fact that press freedom in India is not totally without hindrances in some var. or the other, an active judiciary works consistently to safeguard the provisions of the Constitution and this was seen during the Emergency of 1975-77.The judiciary is independent of the government in ordinary cases, although the frame suffers from overload and is often inaccessible to the poor. India has a large and conscious private press and although it has not always been successful in providing early warnings to the authorities, it has definitely succeeded in extracting political accountability from the government, an achievement that rightly needs to be acknowledged.