The Kidnapping of Charles Lindbergh JR

No matter how you choose to raise your children, one thing is the same for every parent- the immediate sense of panic you feel when you can't find your child. Whether a relative has scooped your newborn up for a cuddle, or your toddler is hiding in a nearby clothing rack, or your punctual teen is 30 minutes late for curfew, the wave of panic is the same. Fortunately, so is the instant relief when we see their face. So much so, we almost feel silly for even letting our minds go there. Unfortunately that isn't always the case. For aviator Charles Lindbergh and wife, Anne Morrow Lindbergh, on 01 March 1932 that panic would turn to terror and then heartbreak.THE FAMEAt 30 years old, Charles Lindbergh had made quite the life for himself. His solo flight across the atlantic (from New York to Paris) He landed in Paris to a cheering crowd of over 150,000 spectators, and returned home to millions who turned out for a ticker tape parade in America. His fame was world wide as he received commendations from Presidents, Kings and Dictators. (The annals of crime) In the two-year period following Lindbergh's flight, the U.S. Copyright Office recorded thr ee hundred applications on Lindbergh songs. He married his love, Anne Morrow, and together had a son, Charles Augustus Lindbergh, Jr. He was a beautiful little boy with blue eyes and blonde curly locks. He may have been the apple of his parents eye but had won the affection of the people as well-and the press knew it. They followed the young family everywhere. Even the house staff cashed in on the fame by giving tours of their main residence in Hopewell, New Jersey, U.S which, in hindsight, may have given the kidnappers the advantage of knowing where the child slept.THE KIDNAPPINGOn 1 March 1932, Anne Lindbergh made a last second decision against taking a toddler with the sniffles into the cold and rainy night air to travel to her parents house. She had the nurse take young Lindbergh upstairs to bed at 8pm. The nurse, Betty Gow, rubbed medicine on his chest, changed him into a one piece sleeping suit and put him down to sleep around 8:30 pm (kidnapped) Following Lindberghs orders, she closed the door allowing the child to self soothe for no less than 2 hours before checking on him. Though Anne was in a bath and Charles was in his study, both heard a noise around 9:30 but dismissed it as being made by one of their staff. An hour later, upon checking on young Lindbergh, Nurse Gow informed them the child was gone. â€Å"They have stolen our baby!† was Lindbergh's immediate response. (kidnapped) A seal enveloped ransom note was on the open window sill.THE INVESTIGATIONAs police began arriving shortly before midnight they had little to go on. Although H. Norman Schwarzkopf (father of Persian Gulf War commander Gen. H. Norman Schwarzkopf) of the New Jersey State Police was nominally the lead investigator in the case, control of many of the details was ceded to Lindbergh. (encyclopedia britannica) A command center was formed in Lindbergh's 3 car garage. Despite the command center Police failed to secure the crime scene and kept no record of who was in the home at the time of the kidnapping nor of who came and went from the home afterwards. Poor lighting and bad weather limited their search outside. They started inside the home, mainly, the nursery. The ransom note demanded specific amounts of certain denominations and seemed to be written by someone who spoke english as a second language and was uneducated. The room was dusted for prints only to discover none would be found, anywhere -not even nurse Gows.(Annals of crime) It appeared to have been wiped clean, thoroughly and completely. It wasn't long before the press got wind of the story and began arriving. They each set up their own command centers and started doing their own investigating, walking around the house in search of clues and entering and exiting the home questioning staff. The next morning, no witnesses saw anyone come or go on the main street in front of the home. Investigators did manage to find a broken homemade ladder several yards from the house. It is unclear whether it was ignorance or poor training was to blame as to why so few crime scene photos were taken and those that were, were neither to scale nor taken before the evidence was moved. As for the ladder, which was considered the most damning piece of evidence, (mike ray) was photographed after being broken down into 3 pieces. Later a photo was taken of a different ladder of exact height up against the home to show a ladder of that length would reach the child's window. Fingerprint experts found 400 partial prints, but because they were all fragmentary, they had no value in identifying anyone. (annals of crime) Lack of evidence only fed speculation that some powerful criminal organization or foreign government had taken the young child (annals of crime) Even though President Hoover had vowed to move â€Å"Heaven and Earth† to find the child (annals of crime) and J. Edgar Hoover-no relation- decided to expand the FBI into a national police agency, Lindbergh chose not to cooperate with FBI agents. He first went to William Donovan (who would later head the OSS.) Then he sought out shady characters who claimed to have underworld connections. He then went to the underworlds elite that he could find=the ones in prison. Al Capone offered his assistance, upon his release, which was immediately denied. Without consulting investigators he then gave copies of the ransom note to all parties contacted in an attempt to find out who wrote it. The shady characters showed their shadiness by immediately selling their copies to the press. With the press competing in their print wars they ran with their lead, publishing the note. Suddenly, ransom notes claiming to be the kidnappers started to appear. Some raise the ransom and some included items like a thumb guard, which the baby (along with 1000's of other babies) had on when abducted, so was assumed to be his (but could not be proven to be young Lindberghs.) The third ransom note was received by Colonel Lindbergh's attorney on March 8, informing that an intermediary appointed by the Lindberghs would not be accepted and requesting a note in a newspaper. On the same date, Dr. John F. Condon, Bronx, New York City, a retired school principal, published in the â€Å"Bronx Home News† an offer to act as go-between and to pay an additional $1,000 ransom. The following day the fourth ransom note was received by Dr. Condon, which indicated he would be acceptable as a go-between. This was approved by Colonel Lindbergh (fbi 2010) In total, 12 ransom notes were received from the kidnappers. None were found in the same place and the person contacted as to their whereabouts changed each time as well. After the 12th note,which reduced the ransom to the original asking price of $50,000, Dr Condon began negotiating through the newspapers on when and where to meet. On April 2 1932 Dr Condon with Lindbergh not far in a park car, met with â€Å"John† at St Raymonds Cemetary in the Bronx to exchange the ransom for the child's whereabouts. Because Lindbergh wanted the focus on child recovery and not kidnapper apprehension, the police were not told about the exchange,however the bank did record the serial numbers from the 10,000 in cash and 40,000 in gold certificates. â€Å"John† gave them the 13th and last note stating the child could be found on a ship called â€Å"The Nelly† in Martha's Vineyard under the care of 2 innocent women under the impression they were babysitting. Instead of following â€Å"John† they contacted police who informed local authorities and Lindbergh took to the air to find the ship. Despite all efforts, the ship could not be found. Later they would find it didn't even exist. Lindbergh conceded he had gained nothing by paying the ransom.THE DISCOVERYOn May 12, 1932, the body of the kidnapped baby was accidentally found, partly buried, and badly decomposed, about four and a half miles southeast of the Lindbergh home, 45 feet from the highway, near Mount Rose, New Jersey, in Mercer County. The discovery was made by William Allen, an assistant on a truck driven by Orville Wilson. The head was crushed, there was a hole in the skull and some of the body members were missing. The body was positively identified by Lindbergh who, and after cause of death was determined, ordered its immediate cremation in Trenton, New Jersey, on May 13, 1932. The Coroner's examination showed that the child had been dead for about two months and that death was caused by a blow on the head. (FBI 2010)Now a murder investigation, the Bureau (who was acting merely in an auxiliary capacity, since there was no federal jurisdiction.) was now in charge. The President directed that all governmental investigative agencies should place themselves at the disposal of the state of New Jersey and that the FBI should serve as a clearinghouse and coordinating agency for all investigations in this case conducted by federal investigative units.On May 23, 1932, the FBI in New York City informed banks in greater New York that the Bureau was the coordinating agency for all governmental activity in the case. A close watch for ransom money was requested. A pamphlet containing serial numbers was created. Copies of this pamphlet was given to each employee handling currency in banks, clearinghouses, grocery stores in certain selected communities, insurance companies, gasoline filling stations, airports, department stores, post offices, and telegraph companies.(fbi 2010) As time went on, the money and certificates popped up along the eastern seaboard, but police had no way to analyze the bills recovered. Just as the case turned cold, On May 1st, 1933 there was an executive order released for any individuals in possession of any gold certificates to turn them into a bank for money; if you were to be found in possession of the gold certificates after this date you were held criminally responsible and could be punished via a fine of $10,000 or up to ten years in prison. Prior to this deadline, $2990 in gold certificates matching the serial number were turned into a local bank, but the bank attendants were busy due to the deadline and did not notice the serial numbers until after the individuals left the bank. What seemed to be a fruitless endeavor finally bore its first solid fruit in Sept 1934. 16 certificates had popped up in New York. A suspicious gas station attendant had wrote the licence plate number of a man who had used the certificate to purchase gas on the certificate itself. Soon after the bank teller informed the FBI. The license plate belonged to a german immigrant carpenter named Bruno Richard Hauptmann. He was married and had a son close in age to young Lindbergh had he been alive.TRIAL AND EXECUTIONWhen police arrested Hauptmann on Sept 19 1934 he had a $20 certificate on his person. Police claimed to have found many pieces of evidence in Hauptmanns home. Over $13,000 in certificates were found in his garage. An apparent sketch of a collapsible ladder similar to the one used in the kidnapping was found. Jim Condon's telephone number and address was found written on a closet wall in the house (history.com); whether this handwriting matched Hauptmann's or the ransom notes is unknown. Hauptmann did admit to police that he wrote the information down himself, but this was after hours of interrogation and at least one severe beating (FBI, 2010). Some questioned why he would still have these items 2 years after the kidnapping.The most damning evidence was found in the attic. Investigators noticed a beem missing from his rafters. The piece that would come to be known as â€Å"Rail 16† was found to be part of the homemade ladder found by the Lindberghs home and became a large part of the prosecution's case. Wood expert Arthur Koehler was one of 8 experts who testified for the prosecution. He matched Rail 16 of the kidnap ladder with the flooring from the attic. The four irregularly spaced extra nail holes in Rail 16 matched up perfectly with the holes in the attic floor joists. Prosecutor Wilentz broke up their dry testimony by bringing on a statuesque beauty, Hildegarde Alexander, described as â€Å"a blonde pajama model,† who testified that she saw Hauptmann staring at Dr. Condon in a telegraph office. Alexander was one of many eyewitnesses for both sides whose testimony seemed contrived. (crime mag) This included an 87-year-old Hopewell man, testifying for the prosecution, claimed that Hauptmann drove by his house the morning of the kidnapping. That is, he remembered the face of a stranger in a car, before he had any reason to take notice of him, and could pick him out in the courtroom three years later. Only after the trial, the defense learned that this witness was legally blind and had been so at the time of the sighting. This could've been known if the defense had challenged his eyesight as expected of an 87 year old witness. Even Lindbergh's claim that he recognized Hauptmann's voice as being the same voice that said â€Å"Hey, Doc,† at the cemetery 2  ½ years earlier seems far-fetched. But he was the Lone Eagle. As the prosecutor told the jury, â€Å"And Lindy remembered that voice. And who is to say he didn't? Are you going to substitute your judgment for his?†. (crime mag)VERDICT AND SENTENCINGOn Feb. 13, 1935, after 11 hours of deliberation, the jury returned a guilty verdict. Hauptmann was sentenced to death. A series of appeals, ultimately reaching the Supreme Court in December 1935, were unsuccessful, and a clemency bid was rejected on March 30, 1936. Desperate to bring others to justice but running out of time, the prosecution offered Hauptmann a deal- your life for your confession and accomplices. A newspaper offered $90,000 to Hauptmann's wife and child to accept the deal. (Fleming, 2010) Hauptmann, denying until the end any involvement in the crime, told them he had no names to give. On April 3, 1936, 19 months after the verdict, he was executed by electric chair. Soon after the United States Congress adopted a federal kidnapping statute—known as the Federal Kidnapping Act 18 U.S.C.  § 1201(a)(1) (popularly known as the Lindbergh Law, or Little Lindbergh Law) imposing the death penalty for transporting a kidnapped victim across a state line.(history.com)CONCLUSIONThis day, many forensic scientists and police investigators are under the belief that Bruno Richard Hauptmann was innocent and that he fell victim to police and their need for closure a case. There was too much circumstantial evidence and police made too many mistakes; crime scenes were contaminated, evidence lacked and was not always connected. (fORENSIC FILES) Lindbergh's dominating control of the investigation raises even more questions. Sadly, Lindbergh's fame was greater than Hauptmanns innocence. A point made clear by the jury, who so quickly found him guilty beyond reasonable doubt, even though so much was left unclear or unknown.

Class Distinctions in George Orwell’s 1984 Essay

1984, a novel by English writer George Orwell, was a cautionary tale about the perils of a totalitarian society. Class distinctions are one of the worst dangers that were discussed in the novel. It was portrayed as a means for Big Brother to maintain his rule over Oceania. The different social classes in Oceania viewed each other as competitors for economic, political and social dominance. In the process, the possibility of a political rebellion in Oceania is quelled. Oceania is composed of three social classes: the Inner Party (about 1% of the population), the Outer Party (about 18% of the population) and the Proles (about 81% of the population). The respective lifestyles of these sectors were characterized with inequality – the Inner Party enjoyed more privileges than the Outer Party, although they both made up the Party of Oceania. Members of the Inner Party were accorded key government positions, had larger incomes and lived in luxurious homes. In sharp contrast, members of the Outer Party lived in dilapidated flats. They also had to devote even their spare time to Party activities such as community hikes and games or risk being suspected as a â€Å"traitor† (K-1. com, n. pag. ). The proles are the backbone of Oceania – they are employed in industry and on farms. However, the Party accepts them as members of society only because of their capacity to produce. As a result, the proles live in extreme penury. They reside in districts where there are fewer telescreens and policemen – they don’t have any contact with the state as long as they did not commit any wrongdoing. Consequently, proles can indulge in prohibited things such as prostitution, old books, old furniture and alcohol. The Party, on the other hand, does not pay much attention to what they do – the former regards proles as too uneducated and disorganized to pose as a serious threat to their rule (K-1. com, n. pag. ). Given that the ideology of the Party is Ingsoc (English Socialist Movement), it is ironic that inequality is very rampant among the citizens of Oceania. The novel provided an explanation to this phenomenon through the fictional book The Theory and Practice of Oligarchical Collectivism. The latter believed to be written by a certain Emmanuel Goldstein, the leader of the dissident group the Brotherhood. But it turned out that the Thought Police created the book in order to trap Winston Smith (SparkNotes, n. pag. ). The book’s first chapter, Ignorance is Strength, argued that human societies are traditionally divided into three classes: the High, the Middle and the Low. The objective of the High is to uphold its dominance over society. The goal of the Middle, on the other hand, is to attain the status of the High. As for the Low, it is too busy trying to find a way out of poverty to be concerned with matters that do not directly affect it. As a result, struggles throughout history share the same pattern. The Middle overthrows the High with the help of the Low in the name of justice and liberty. Once the Middle becomes the High, it thrusts the Low back to its original marginalized position. A new Middle group will then emerge to repeat the cycle. The second chapter, Freedom is Slavery, was explained to Winston by O’Brien. According to O’Brien, the goal of attaining freedom is useless due to the inevitability of death. Thus, when â€Å"Freedom is Slavery† is reversed to â€Å"Slavery is Freedom,† it is implied that complete submission to the Party will grant an individual freedom in the form of experiencing the Party’s immortality and omnipotence. The third chapter, entitled War is Peace, first identified the three superstates of the world: Oceania (the United States and the British Empire), Eurasia (Russia and Europe) and Eastasia (China, Japan and Korea). The chapter went on to argue that these superstates waged war with one another for economic reasons – they wanted to gain unlimited access to the natural resources of foreign lands and to find new markets in which they could dump their surplus goods. Furthermore, war in itself is already a possible solution to an economic slump. An increase in the number of jobs in the defence sector due to war will increase economic activity by increasing the income of consumers (NewspeakDictionary. com, n. pag. ). Big Brother remained in power in Oceania through class distinctions. Class distinctions kept the people divided and fighting among themselves. As a result, Big Brother was able to manipulate them into serving his interests. The longer the people remained divided, the longer they remained enslaved.

Alcohol And Domestic Violence

Alcohol And Domestic Violence Essay Domestic ViolenceFound at the scene of the crime two dead bodies stabbed brutally, and leftto die at their house. This was the story that shocked the country in 1991. This was the start of the O.J. Simpson domestic abuse case that is still goingon today. Unfortunately events like this happen many times over everyday inmany setting all over the United states; however the victims of the other casesdont get nearly as much publicity. Some facts about domestic abuse:An average of nine out of 10 women have to be turned away from shelterson. The reason so few cases get assigned initially is the police usuallydont have enough officers to meet the demandAt the Portland Womens Crisis Line, where calls have doubled since thekillings of Nicole Simpson and Ronald Goldman, they welcome the increasedattention. From July 19,through March 31, 1993 a total of 3,665 domestic violencecases were reviewed in Portland Oregon. Of those, only 281 cases resulted insome action taken against the accused abuser. Some of this is because there isnot enough police, but it is mostly because the abused person is scared. For the last six months of 1993 and the first three months of 1994Portland averaged about 1,000 calls each month or 12,000 calls a year. In January 1992, 30 criminal domestic violence complaints were issued. For January 1994, the number was more than 100. Nationally, estimates range from 2 to 4 million women assaults each year. Some studies show that 20 to 30 percent of all women who seek help athospital emergency rooms are there because of domestic violence. Kyra Woods never made it to the emergency room. Whoever killed her saw tothat. She suffered 13 stab wounds to the back five of them so violent the knifecame out the other side of her body. Woods mother, Mable, and two aunts wept quietly in a back row of thecourtroom as the prosecution argued against bail for Woods former boyfriendJackson. Rod Underhill, the prosecutor, painted a picture of domestic violence. He told of a dramatic moment after the killing, when Woods 4-year-old son,holding a teddy bear, re- enacted the attack. He put his hands around the neckof the bear and shook it, Underhill said. He began to pound it with a closedfist and slug it.Mable Woods said that her daughter never told her much about any abuse. Neighbors, however, told police of hearing the couple fight violently. Accordingto police reports, one neighbor said, They fought so hard the pictures on thewall shook back and forth.Jackson has pleaded innocent. His attorney, Angel Lopez, points out that nomurder weapon has been found. He said the account from the 4-year-old boy couldnot be matched with any others, and he pointed out inconsistencies in the boysstatements. Bail was denied. Jackson was accused of killing his former girlfriend, Kyra Woods, bystabbing her 13 times. His bail hearing normally would have merited littlepublic attention. What brought out the cameras and reporter was the Simpson case. Children are often the unseen victims of domestic abuse. they see oneof their parents being harmed and this leads to high stress. Boys tend to bemuch more hostile when raised in a broken home. They are also ten times morelikely to be abusive when they grow up. Girls raised in an abusive family tendto be very shy and afraid of boys. When they grow up they are 50 times morelikely to marry an abusive husband. READ: Gregorik Andras EssayThe effect of domestic abuse on society is negative, but unfortunatelyit does not get much publicity unless it involves a figure that is well knownsuch as O.J. Simpson. Another sad thing is that people often shrug off domesticabuse calling it a personal matter because they dont want to get involved orthey are afraid of what people will think about themSurvivors have found the emotional strength to break from their abusersthrough different means: a hot-line number remembered from a restroom wall, awallet card of crisis numbers from a pediatrician who would not overlook amothers black eye. A grown child begging her mother to fleeand a shelter withan open bed. The women, some with their identities changed to protect their privacy,talked about shame, guilt, fear of triggering even greater violence, low self-worth, isolation, embarrassment, numbing depression, concern for children,foiled escapes, a unrealistic sense of reality, a walking-on-eggshells existenceand, perhaps above all, an illogical hope that something would change. the abuser can make everything sound so good, says Florence A. Reid, 45,now living in transitional housing through Bradley- Angle House after 10 yearsin a violent marriage and another 13 year relationship, in an abusiverelationship both with men who were full of promises after the pummelings. Even now, 25 years later, after dozens of broken ribs, a broken jaw, pushesdownstairs, and out a car, and thrice-weekly bouts with her husband sometimesdrunk, sometimes soberkicking with his work boots as she lay on the floor;even now, Reid has pipe dreams of living happily with this teen-age love, ofsitting on a front porch and talking about the old days. Wouldnt that be nice? asks Reid. Just live a normal life with thefather of my children.The first time I tried leaving my husband was 1972. I took the kids to afriends house, she remembers. He found me and brought a gun with him. Ofcourse, I just went back.In 1992, after dozens of tries, Ruth left for the last time, with the helpof a daughter, and ended up at West Womens Childrens Shelter. Ruth, who now works part-time at a bank, sighs. I dont know. For years,my excuse was the kids. And of course, I realize that was probably the worstthing I did for them. And I always thought, Things will get better if I dothis.'Other women clung to similar fantasies, sure the goodness and charm wouldreturnif they could love him better, do everything right. When someone abusesanother person they often have a certain attitude such as thinking that it isthe abused persons fault and that they brought it upon themselves. extensivestudies have shown this. The abuser often blames the person who was abused fortheir troubles. Abusers often have a hard time communicating. Unfortunately theabuser is rarely gets action taken against them.But when they do it is oftenvery serious. The least that could happen is that the abuser gets a restrainingorder. In more serious cases there can be a number of penalties ranging fromshort prison term to a life sentence. This is the information that I found whenI looked up domestic abuse. As you can see some of these facts are rather grimbut people are becoming more open to ideas and people are reporting more thanever. I hope that this stops being the most un reported crime in the UnitedStates so that we can get the problem under control. BibliographyBreiner, S., Slaughter of the Innocents (1990);deMause, L., The History of Childhood (1988);Kempe, H., and Helfer, R., The Battered Child, 4th ed. (1987);Kempe, Ruth S. and C. Henry, Sexual Abuse of Children and Adolescents(1984);Moorehead, C., ed., Betrayal (1990); Wexler, R., Wounded Innocents(1990). READ: Chicano Migration EssayDomestic Abuse Metro Nashville Police Department Evaluation of theSurviving Together Support Group for Women and Children (Womens Group)For Health and Community Services July 1995 By Christine SziklaEASTWOOD, S. Parenting After The Violence in Parent Help Program: News Information Number 8, November 1992, The Australian Council for EducationalResearch Limited, Hawthorn: Victoria. (p.4)WARD, J. How to Research Community Issues: The Grounded CommunityDevelopment Research Method. Partnership Press in Association withDeakin University, Melbourne: 1993. Social Issues

Chinese and Western Landscape painting Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Chinese and Western Landscape painting - Essay Example The painting offers a unique feature that makes it one of the greatest surviving masterpieces not just in China but throughout the artistic world. The significance of this painting is reflected in the time taken to finish it. The landscape painting had emerged into an autonomous genre that clearly embodied the nature longing of cultivated persons to escape quotidian world to commune with the universe. The Lackawanna Valley is in the collection of the National Gallery of Art in Washington, D.C. the artist inclusion of various tree stumps in the in his work foreground makes the piece of work unique, The painting exemplifies a significant philosophical dilemma that many Americans were tackling in the 1850s; Growth inevitably demanded the widespread destruction of nature which was not spoiled. My final comment to this piece of art is the effective use of muted colors experience also known as (Tonalism). This makes the paint a unique master piece and a reflective of the era that is such i mportant in the history of American civilization. From these and other observations, I came to a conclusion this work would be associated to the theme of westward expansion and its effects. Both landscape painters from the West and China have embedded their emotion and personal feelings towards the image as opposed to shallow depiction or appearance of the object. Nonetheless, most of the landscape painting from the west like this one in particular is largely affected by faith of Christian religion.

CIMT 534 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

CIMT 534 - Essay Example In this kind of classroom, the teacher is the only one supposed to talk and it is the responsibility of the students to listen. Student centered learning has the focus shifting from the teacher to the student where the student has the responsibility of taking partial control over the learning process. There are certain advantages that come from both the learning strategies. For the teacher-centered mode of learning, some of the advantages include the fact that the classroom is always orderly and thus offering a quality environment. Since the teacher has the responsibility of directing the students, he/she does not have to worry about the students missing a particular topic. There are some downsides to this mode of learning (Smaldino, Lowther, & Russell, 2012). One of the disadvantages of incorporating this method of learning is the fact that it may lead to poor development in communication skills among the students since they are not allowed to work together. In these institutions, it is normal for the students to lack in concentration and this leads to their minds wondering and the consequent of this is the student failing in particular topics. Student-centered mode of learning also has its advantages in the contemporary environment. One of the major advantages of this method of learning is that the students get to develop effective communication skills that will assist them later on in life. Students also learn to ask questions at the points where they do not understand and this is vital for their understanding of the various topics. Students get interest further in the topics and this is because students are interested in activities in situations where they can interact with fellow students. One of the disadvantages of this mode of learning is the fact that the students may develop an ignorant nature and even disrespect the teacher out of the much freedom offered. The classrooms are also very noisy. Since the

Tort Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Tort - Essay Example Most tort cases occur due to negligence. This is where a person causing the harm did not do it with ill intentions. However, the neglect that came into play led to the suffering of another. This paper will review some tort risks that arose in the product liability video and tort violations from the video. Product liability is where the manufactured products of any company may cause harm to their consumers. Negligence that may have taken place in the company at the time of manufacture may be the cause of this. They are liable for law suits from those affected. They then have to pay for damages through monetary compensation (Currie & Cameron, 2000). This is if the affected party can prove beyond doubt that they were harmed by the product consumption. Tort risks that may arise from the product liability video include medical malpractice, and automobile accidents. These risks may bring harm to consumers and customers involved with the products produced by these companies. The negligence that may occur during the manufacture of some of these products can cause law suits for product liability (Currie & Cameron, 2000). Consumers have a right to safe products. But a good question arises about the safety of products, â€Å"how safe is safe enough?† The answer is often given by the manufacturer about their product to convince consumers of safety. However, if problems arise after the consumption of such products, it is usually termed as a breach of contract. This is because the manufacturer promised safety, but failed to deliver on that promise (Deakin, 2008). This is equated to a breach of contract. They are, therefore, liable for a lawsuit from the person affected. Today, a breach of any contract is often termed as a tort, or a civil wrong. A tort violation in the video is product malfunction. This is where a fully manufactured product ceases to function normally. The result of this is personal injury to the consumer of that product. It is the job of

Your thoughts concerning an intranet where employees can learn and Essay

Your thoughts concerning an intranet where employees can learn and mutually inspire each other - Essay Example Intranets just as any other computer networks including the internet use computer’s internet protocols to facilitate the haring of such resources as information, computing services and operating systems among many others within a single organization. This implies that an organization can customize the features of its intranet thereby making it unique and accessible to particular group of people who have specific interest in the organization. The size and type of an intranet to install in an organization depends on the size of the organization and the nature of the database used in such organizations. Debenhams plc. Is a multinational retail chain operating as department stores in Denmark, the United Kingdom and Ireland. As an organization requires an integrated database with appropriate intranet to link its franchises t a central database, thus enabling consolidate communication among the employees of the company. An intranet is a composition of different communication devices including a computer, routers, switches, data cables and telephones among many other features. To uyse an intranet effectively, employees require appropriate training and skills. Furthermore, the employees can train and support each other on the use of either each of the myriad component of the intranet or the entire network. Besides the above elements, an intranet may include other features such as fax machines, telephones and printers among others. The incorporation of these in an intranets permits sharing of the resources. The placement of such fractures should be strategic in order to facilitate access and efficient service delivery. Sharing of the resources constitute a major advantage of intranets since it makes management of organizations such as Debenhams plc. easier. By including a printer and a fax machine in an intranet, the organization consolidates the information processing mechanism thus permitting every station to access and print information without the need to buy several printers for every department. Additionally, the intranet maintains the integrity of the data printed by the centrally placed printer since it eliminates the use of secondary data storage facilities such as flash drives most of which transfer computer viruses thus impairing the functionality of the machines. An intranet is a fundamental feature of the Debenhams plc. It improves the level of professionalism in the organization besides its role in the operations of the firm. Through the intranet, Debenhams’ employees learn and inspire each other a feature that don not only improve the level of professionalism in the organization but also motivate employees thus improving profitability. Just as with any other technology, it will compel the employees to learn the ways of operation and handling in order to use efficiently. This way, the installation of an intranet in organization will motivate employees to learn and those with adequate knowledge on the operation of the di fferent machines to help enlighten others. Additionally, subsequent upgrade of the intranet will require progressive training of the staff in order to improve their ability to operate the equipment better. The use of computers is elaborate and requires professional technical knowhow depending on the roles of an employee in an organization. Managers for example use detailed programs in managing the organization’s operations and finance, the roles and duties of the employees differ depending on their positions within the organization. This implies that their use of the intranet will equally differ thus compelling the installation of different features of the intranet depending on the use

Boo at the Zoo Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Boo at the Zoo - Assignment Example Citizens now anticipate for its events more than ever with several preparations that occur when the festivals are approaching. Among many, Halloween spirit has now become more than a fashion and fun extravaganza but also a lucrative business opportunity that many investors are rushing into (Kullstroem, 2009). Thesis sentence: In the wake of globalization of the Halloween festivals, these celebrations are now generating lump sum income to investors because they offer attractive business opportunities like selling costumes and decorations. The size of Halloween market is widely increasing due to the festival’s globalization process mostly in European and African states (Kullstroem, 2009). For instance, according to the 2009 US statistics businesses that specialize in making Halloween costumes, they recorded a profit of $5.8 billion (Hyatt, 2012). In Canada, the same Halloween entertainment business industry had net profit of $331million spent on candy only (Hyatt, 2012). The lat ter is because during events like boo at zoo at Santa Ana which encompass free give ways of candy to kids who often visit the site to have fun. This indicates how popular the event has been as well as consumers willing to spend money on festivals, which makes the entire business highly lucrative. For the last 23 years, the spectacular event encompassing Boo at zoo is one of US’ longest running Halloween events providing thrilling fun time for general family irrespective of one’s age or class (Hyatt, 2012). Through Boo and zoo event, US citizens get the opportunity to participate in Halloween event fully because it can accommodate people of all ages and class. Many people love the Halloween spirit mainly in US and Boo At Zoo at Santa Ana provide the best platform for them to engage in the event. In this event, guests have an opportunity to explore several prize stations on the Trick-Or-Treat trail as well as Halloween themed game activities that consist of storytelling and sing-along (Hyatt, 2012). These activities include, a train ride, a story telling moment as well as a costume parade time. The Santa Ana Zoo located at prentice park, which is right in the middle of an urban setting, is a major oasis at Orange County in US (Borsting, 2010). Founded by Joseph Prentice in 1952, he requested that at least 50 monkey pack maintained in the park at all times (Borsting, 2010). In order for boo at the zoo occasion have the much needed Halloween spirit, the site has to embrace varied decorations in accordance to the population group that usually visits the site. Boo at the zoo has been instrumental in evolving the Halloween event from a frightening adult festival to a fun time event that is now giving families an opportunity to have fun. For instance, during the event, there is always an express train ride for not only children but also adults. The latter is a machine that costs a lot and rarely seen in other diverse avenues. Besides, there are different locations for animals of diverse species in the park, which are vital in letting kids learn about animals. For example, the zoo nocturnal animal activity that is important for children to learn about diverse animals. In addition, during the evening participants engage in a night costume activity where the best-costumed person receives a prize (Hassiotis, 2008). All these aspects entail expensive decorations done by certain companies in the Halloween

Mass Media, Violence and Hate Research Proposal

Mass Media, Violence and Hate - Research Proposal Example 1. Source: Anderson, C. A. & Bushman, B. J. (2001). Media violence and the American public: Scientific facts versus media misinformation. American Psychological Association. 56(6/7), 477-489.  Description: The paper talks about the relationship between media violence and aggression, and the impact on the American people.  Evaluation: The authors argue that the 50 years of news coverage in United States (U.S.) on the association between aggression and media violence have confused the U.S. public. The authors are well knowledgeable in their expertise. The argument is strong since the mass media is not very sure of the link between media violence and aggression. The argument is weak because there are research studies that have proved a link between media violence and aggression.   Ã‚  Relation: Media violence has been covered in this paper and thus, it is important to the research.  2. Source: Perrone, S. & White, R. (2001). Racism, ethnicity and hate crime.  Description: The paper explores the relevance of racism and ethnicity to hate crime. Among the many factors attributed to these vices, mass media is one of them.Evaluation: The authors argue that racism penetrates the lives of the ethnic minority youths in a way that it enhances violence as a practical solution to the problems of identity and status. The authors have a firm background in the field. The argument is strong because one way in which racism penetrates these people is through the media

Ralph Waldo Emerson Essay Example for Free

Ralph Waldo Emerson Essay Ralph Waldo Emerson, who led the transcendentalist movement of the mid-19th century, once wrote, The virtue in most request is conformity. Self-reliance is its aversion. The Transcendentalist were a group of people who believed that everyone was equal and had power inside them as an individual. In the mid-19th century Emerson, Henry David Thoreau, and Walt Whitman were the main writers and thinkers of the transcendentalist movement. In the 1960s as African Americans fought for civil rights in a cruel society. William Melvin Kelly combines the two in the book A Different Drummer. This book tells the story of Tucker Caliban, a black farmer who encourages a huge amount of blacks to leave the south when he decides to salt his crops and burn down his house and leave. Tucker embodies the characteristics of a Transcendentalist according to Emerson, Thoreau, and Whitman in three ways: he does what he wants without an explanation, hes self-reliant, and he fights a corrupt system in his own way. Tucker does what he wants without an explanation or logic. Tucker stays out all night to teach Dewey how to ride a bike, even though his grandfather would be mad. Tucker also burned his house down and salted his crops without explaining this to his wife or to anyone else. Tucker writes Dewey a letter in college, he ask about the bike he taught him to ride. Dewey doesnt understand why because Tucker really didnt explain what he wanted to know about the bike. This shows Tucker really doesnt tell anyone his logic behind his actions. To be great is to be misunderstood, Emerson. This quote refers to Tucker because he is misunderstood by the whites. This shows hes also self-reliant and free spirited. Tucker Caliban is self-reliant and unique. Tucker self taught himself to farm and ride a bike. He also doesnt believe in the civil rights movement which most other blacks strongly believe in. He also believes everyone has to free themselves or else there not really free. This shows that Tucker Caliban is not just any other black, hes unique. But he also fights the souths corrupt system in his own one of a kind way. We but half express ourselves, and are ashamed of that divine idea which each of us represents. This quote refers to Tucker because he is different and others are afraid to be different. Tucker Caliban is a rebel and he fights the system. He burned down his house and salted his crops because thats where the slaves worked for the Willsons. He broke the grandfather clock because it was bought the same day as the African. He cut down the tree that separated his land from the Willisons, that was there from the days of slavery. He did all of this to cut his ties from slavery and from the south. Society everywhere is in conspiracy against the manhood of everyone of its members. This refers to the south and other blacks like Tucker. Therefore Tucker Caliban embodies the characteristics of a Transcendentalist according to Emerson, Thoreau, and Whitman in three ways: he does what he wants without an explanation, hes self-reliant, and he fights a corrupt system in his own way. Tuckers movement from the south is a strong step in the right direction for racism in the south. To me what Tucker did was strong and no else was strong enough to leave before Tucker did it.

Contract case study

Contract case study Contract Case Study Contracts are a legal binding agreement made between two or more parties to work on and to accept all the terms binding to it. All business needs to form a contract during its business life cycle. The two important aspects of a contract are the offer and acceptance. The party that makes an offer in a contract is called the offeror and the party who accepts the offer made by the offeror is called the offeree. There are many terms and conditions stated in the contract which have to be accepted by both the parties to enter in to a legal binding contract. The offeror must state his readiness to create a binding contract by accepting the terms to the offeree. The offeree can offer to form a binding contract an individual, group of people and to the public. Offers made to the public are considered as an invitation to treat since it welcomes offers by many people within a stated time in which the offers need to be made. But there is a significant difference among offer and invitation to tre at. The response to an offer is usually acceptance whereas in the case of invitation to treat, the response would be an offer. Invitation to treat is more as an invitation to make an offer by understanding the terms. Invitation to treat helps in getting a variety of offers and therefore increasing the chance to accepting a better and a more profitable contract. In the case study given, Golden Antiques had posted an advertisement on Monday through the internet which had stated For sale, three Victorian style beds, gorgeous,  £5000 each, cash, will brighten up any bed room! This advertisement is an invitation to treat since it was made to the general public and a response to this invitation to treat would be considered as an offer. This relates to the case of Partridge v Crittenden [1968] ¹ An advertisement by Partridge appeared in the magazine Cage and Aviary Birds, which contained the words quality British, bramble finch cocks, 25 shillings each. Partridge was charged with illegal offering for sale of a wild bird against s.6(1) of the Protection Birds Act 1954 Therefore this will form a unilateral contract since the offer to be in a legal binding contract has been decided by only one party. David, the manager of White Halls Ltd sends an email to Golden Antiques immediately saying that he is interested in buying all three Victorian style beds at the cost of  £4500 each and enquires about any credit facility available upon this purchase. This is an offer made by White Halls Ltd to Golden Antiques. Therefore in the current situation, White Halls is the offeror and Golden Antiques is the offeree. The offeree ( Golden Antiques) must decide upon the offer made by White Halls Ltd and can take any decision since accepting or rejecting the offer is completely in their hands. The reply made by White Halls Ltd must be considered just as a request for information about the terms and other opinion available in the contract. White Halls have not accepted the original terms and cannot be considered to be a counter offer. Therefore a request of information cannot enforce a binding contract. A similar case related to this would be the case of Stevnson, Jacques and Co V McLean [1880] ² Mclean wrote to Stevenson asking if he wanted to buy iron ore at 40S per ton in cash, and the offer was open till Monday. Stevenson asked if the goods were available on credit. They received no answer. On Monday afternoon they contacted the defendant to accept the offer, but the iron had already been sold to someone else. The plaintiff won the case against McLean Golden Antiques responded to the email sent by White Halls Ltd seeking information about the price and the credit facility being available. Golden antiques in response said the following We are not prepared to sell for less than  £5000 each. Credit facility only available if your guarantor is acceptable to us. Please confirm by close of business today if interested. By stating this Golden antiques have made a counter offer to their initial offer. This counter offer states that the contract can be enforced only at the original price mentioned and their terms. They have taken into consideration about the credit facility and have stated that it is available only if White Halls Ltds guarantor is acceptable to them. They have also mentioned that the acceptance to the counter offer has to be conveyed by Tuesday. Stating the time frame for the acceptance, Golden antiques have made it very clear that the acceptance to this offer will not be accepted after Tuesday and therefore be communicated properly. Counter offer is an offer made against the previous offer by the former offeree after taking into consideration the request of information by the offeror. This counter offer is usually the final offer made in the good interest of both the parties to form a legal binding contract. The counter offer nullifies the previous offer made by the offeree. No contr act can be formed if this counter offer is not accepted by the offeror. A relevant case would be the case of Hyde V Wrench [1840] ³ Wrench offered to sell his farm for  £1,000 but Hyde declined. He offered  £950 and then Wrench refused to accept. Finally Hyde agreed to buy the farm at old price but Wrench refused, therefore a counter offer destroys the original offer. After providing a counter offer, Golden antiques will now be the offeror and White Halls Ltd will be the offeree. The counter offer will become a legal binding contract if White Halls Ltd accepts the counter offer made by Golden antiques. Golden Antiques have specified that the offer is valid till Tuesday and any acceptance received after this date will not be taken into consideration. This says that they need a response immediately through effective and fast means of communication. The case related to this will be the case of Tin V Hoffman [1873]4 in this case the offeree was specified to reply by post, any method which to be more effective or faster than post was also acceptable. In this case, the offeror had specified the means of communication through which the acceptance had to be communicated. The court ruled that the offeree must accept this technique of communication or the next best alternative to communicate to the offeror. Relating this to the case study, Golden antiques h ave said that the acceptance to the counter offer need to be made by earliest on the Tuesday which made it obvious that a reliable and fast communication was necessary. If this was not communicated properly or was delayed due to a slower means of communication, the offer becomes invalid due to lapse of time. A contract come into existence only when the latest offer or counter offer is accepted. Acceptance conveys that two or more parties have agreed to all the terms and condition specified in the contract. The most important part of acceptance would be the method of communicating. This is important because acceptance is not effective if it is not communicated. The other important aspect of acceptance is that the parties must obey to the way of communication decided upon i.e. if the offeror has specified a means a communication through which the acceptance has to be communicated, it must be followed. This has to be communicated effectively and within the time frame in which the offer will be valid or it will be cancelled due to lapse of time. If revocation is made before the acceptance takes place, the offer will be cancelled. After receiving the counter offer made by Golden antiques, David faxes the acceptance stating his willingness to purchase the three Victorian style beds at  £5000 each. This acceptance letter also includes the letter from Black Halls Ltd, the guarantor for White Halls Ltd which states It is our policy to ensure that our subsidiary, White Halls Ltd remains solvent at all times. This letter of acceptance by the offeree was not transmitted properly and therefore was not received by Golden antiques. A case that relates to this situation will be the case of Felthouse V Bindley [1862]5 Felthouse tried file a case on the basis of breach of contract however Bindley had the case favoured to his side since it was stated that acceptance was not communicated thus a contract was never really formed. David posted his acceptance on the same day at 5pm even when he was aware of the fact that there was a postal strike on that day. David was well aware that the letter of acceptance would not reach the offeror, Golden antiques at the right time. Therefore, David must have opted for a better means of communication which would be reliable, effective and fast. The time frame being given in the counter offer shows the urgency and importance of communicating the acceptance as fast as possible. But posting the letter is considered as being received according to the postal rule thereby leading to forming a legal binding contract. Postal rule apply where the means of communicating the acceptance to the offer is post or telegram. Postal rule states that the acceptance is effective on the date and time at which the letter is posted and not when the letter of acceptance is received. The postal rule ignores the facts of the time taken to deliver the post and any other circumstances such as post b eing lost. The case that satisfies this will be case between Adams V Lindsell [1818]6 because to the wrong address the post by the Lindsell reached Adams by 5th of September. Adams replied back to Lindsell but the letter reached by 8th of October and the time limit was till 7th of October. The defendants argued that the time limit specified had been passed and they didnt heard a reply hence the offer was already lapsed. However if Lindsell would have addressed the first letter correctly then the plaintiffs could have managed to reply back in time. However the plaintiffs won the case since the postal rule was being applied. On the other hand, there are many exceptions to the postal rule. The postal rule does not apply if the method to communicate the acceptance has been specified by the offeror. White Halls Ltd and Golden antiques had initially started communicating through e-mails and ways a very reliable and fast way to communicate among the parties. Golden antiques showing the urgency and the given time frame show that they were expecting a response from White Halls Ltd through e-mail or a fax. This can be seen when Golden antiques said Please confirm by close of business today if interested and can therefore be taken as an exception to the postal rule. The fax sent by White Halls Ltd was not clear and hence the acceptance was not communicated effectively. David from White Halls Ltd must have tried to send through a different fax machine or might try another time. David must have e-mailed the acceptance letter to Golden antiques which was their initial way of communication. This could have been bett er than posting a letter of acceptance when he was assured about the delay which will be caused due to the postal strike. Therefore, the postal is not applicable in the case of White Halls Ltd and Golden Antiques. A similar case would be Entores ltd V Miles far East Corporation [1955]7 In this case it shows that both the parties had instant communication method (that is telex in this case). Entores sued the M E C for breaching from the contract. The court stated that the negotiations were made by telex so instant communication was available. The defendants tired to argue with postal rule, however it was ruled that if acceptance was made on telex then the postal rule wont doesnt apply. Postal rule does not apply in the above detailed case and the acceptance was not communicated. There has been lapse of time and no contract was formed. Therefore the offeror, Golden Antiques is eligible to form a new contract with the third party and has no legal binding contract existing with the previous party. Roger an accountant who has prepared the financial statements for Golden Antiques called up on Wednesday morning saying that he is interested in buying the Victorian style beds. In this situation, Roger is the offeror and Golden Antiques is the offeree. Roger has provided the service of preparing the financial statements are half the cost he usually charges. This is an example of past consideration and a past consideration has no value in the future. There can be no consideration given for an activity performed in the past. Its the parties own will to charge for an activity to be performed and form a contract for which he will get a return from the other party which are agreed upon by the parties. A relevant case here would be the case of Re McArdle [1951]8 the agreement to pay the money was not enforceable as a contract as the work had been completed and the consideration was wholly passed. The offer made by Roger is valid since there has been no contract between Golden Antiques and White Halls Ltd. To accept this offer, Golden Antiques sends a letter of revocation of the offer on Wednesday to David of White Halls Ltd saying that the Victorian style beds are no longer for sale. A revocation is the termination of an offer. Once a revocation has been communicated, the acceptance of an offer will be ignored and is no longer possible. Revocation is an exception to the postal rule and is considered only when revocation is received by the other party. In a situation where offer and revocation was made on the same day, the decision will depend on whether the offer or the revocation was received first. This will be further explained by the case of Byrne Co V Leon Van Tienhoven [1880]? Tienhoven tried to withdraw the offer, they posted the letter by 8th of October which was received by Byrne Co by the 20th of October. It was ruled that the offer couldnt be withdrawn since the acceptance was already into existence due to the postal rule. In this case the time gap between the revocation and offer being received is very small and is therefore harder to judge whether revocation is effective or not. Golden Antiques received the acceptance letter by post at 3:45pm on Thursday and the fax on revocation is received until 4:00pm. In my opinion revocation should be effective since the posting of the letter is not considered as a means to communicate acceptance in this case. Advise on the parties legal position: There are three parties in this case which are Golden Antiques, White Halls Ltd and Roger. The above detailed case shows that there is more evidence in the favour of Golden Antiques than that of David. Golden Antiques have obeyed the terms of forming a contract and on the part of revocation. They have made it clear on the terms of the contract and also have given the time frame in which the other party must respond and give in their acceptance. The advertisement made by Golden Antiques is an invitation to treat. David the manager of White Halls Ltd makes an offer and negotiates the price of the Victorian style beds. But this is rejected by a counter offer made by Golden Antiques to David and specifies the time frame in which he must convey his acceptance. David tried to fax the acceptance letter but due to technical difficulties was unable to do so. He then posted the letter to convey the acceptance which he was well aware of not being able to make on time. This offer was not affective after Tuesday due to lapse of time. David must have used a better means to deliver the acceptance. He could have adopted the initial way of communication which was email. Revocation letter was then sent by Golden Antiques to David of White Halls Ltd stating that the beds are no longer available for sale. According to the postal rule, the revocation has to be received before the acceptance was received. But in this scenario, the postal rule should be ignored since posting a letter was not an acceptable form of communication in a situation with a short time frame. Therefore David will not be able to take any legal action against Golden Antiques. On the contrary, it will be considered as Davids fault of not considering the terms of the contract. Legal advice to the parties: The three parties involved in this case are Golden antiques, White Halls Ltd and Roger the accountant. From the given clear picture of the case above, it is quiet comprehensible that The Golden Antiques side of the case was more convincing as compared to that of David. If the manager of white halls ltd, be likely to sue golden Antiques, they will not be accused for any claims. Golden antiques had made its companys intentions very clear from the very beginning, i.e. when they had first advertised their invitation to treat. David first makes an offer showing his interest towards the purchase of the Victorian style beds, which was immediately rejected by making a counter-offer by golden Antiques. In the offer it was very well stated that if acceptance not conveyed by Tuesday which in turn makes the postal rule irrelevant. When the acceptance sent by fax was not communicated due to transmission errors, David should have used some other means of communication which would have been equall y fast and effective. As the acceptance was not communicated on time the offer has lapsed. Golden antiques then sent a letter stating the revocation of the offer as they had now decided to sell the beds to Roger and are legally contracted with White Halls. Even though the Revocation of the offer was received or conveyed after the receipt of the acceptance letter from David, this will be regarded as Davids fault for not complying with the terms of the offer. Therefore, it is not advisable to take any legal actions against Golden Antiques because the judge verdict will be on the favour of Golden Antiques. TABLE OF CASES Partridge v crittenden {1968} 1 WLR 1204,{1968}2 ALL ER 421,(1968)112 SJ 582 Stevenson,jacques Co v Mclean {1880) 5 QBD 346 Hyde v Wrench (1840) 3 Beav 334 Tin V Hoffman (1873) Felthouse v Bindley (1862) 11 CBNS 869 Adams v Lindsell (1818)1 B Ald 681, {1818} 106 ER 260 Entores Ltd v Miles Far East Corporation {1955} 2 QB 327,{1955} 3 WLR 48,{1955} 2 All ER 493, CA McArdle,Re {1951} Ch 669,{1951} 1 All ER 905, (1951) 95 SJ 651, CA Byrne Co v Van Tienhoven Co (1880) 5 CPD 344 BIBLIOGRAPHY Ewan McIntyre, Business Law, 4th ed. Pearson Longman, 2008 Catherine Elliot Frances Quinn, Contract Law, 7th edition, Pearson Longman, 209 Charles Wild Stuart Weinstein, Smith and Keenans Company Law, 14th edition, Pearson Longman, 2009

Toyotas Decision to Build a Plant in France Essay -- Business Managem

Toyota's Decision to Build a Plant in France Background In late 1996, Toyota began to look at the whole of western Europe for a site for its ultra-modern plant. Belgium, the Czech Republic, France, Germany, Poland and the UK all seemed to be the most promising investment recipient, but the list was quickly left a head-to-head battle between Europe's oldest foreign investment rivals - France and the United Kingdom. At first, the UK seemed the obvious choice. Toyota had its only European car assembly plant at Burnaston, in the UK's Midlands, where a skilled workforce and well-established automotive infrastructure and cluster of related firms are available. However, at the end of January, company president Hiroshi Okuda voiced doubts about investing in the UK because of its hesitation to fully participate in the European monetary system. In 1997, Toyota finally announced plans to build a $660 million car plant in Valenciennes, 60 km from Lille, France. Evaluation 1.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The reasons for French government to invite Toyota to invest in France are attributed to the benefits of foreign direct investment (FDI) to France as the host country. a.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Resource-transfer effect   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Toyota can make positive contribution to French economy by supplying capital, technology, and management resources that would otherwise not be available and thus boost French?fs economic growth rate. -  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Capital   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Toyota, as a multinational enterprise (MNE), because of its large size, reputation, and financial strength, has access to financial resources which may not be available for French local firms like Renault or Peugeot-Citroen. These financial resources can be originated from Toyota?fs internally-generated cash, or from capital markets. As a reputable and financially strong company, it may be easier for Toyota to have access to such resources than French local companies do. -  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Technology   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Technology plays important role in economic growth of a country, since it can stimulate economic development and industrialization. Technology can be incorporated into both production process and the product itself. In case of Toyota, the French government may be benefited from its advanced technology which it passed to its French employees, therefore improves the employees?f skill without additional investment to develop their own indigenous product and process tech... ...mic mismanagement will cause drastic changes in a country?fs business environment that adversely affect the profit and other goals of a business enterprise. If the French economic is in turmoil, Toyota?fs investment in this country will also be affected. c.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Legal Risk   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Legal risk is the likelihood that a trading partner will opportunistically break a contract or expropriate property rights. This may also happen to Toyota?fs when its trading partner in France infringes contract agreements. Beside those three risks, Toyota also faces the cultural risk since the ?grules of game?h of doing business in France with French people is different with that in Japan and other countries where Toyota already put its investment. The French language and culture can be a problem for Japanese firms used to speaking English when working overseas. Conclusion The decision to build a plant in France is a part of Toyota's global strategy in Europe. The company has already built plants in UK, Belgium, Poland, and Turkey. Supported by other plants in Europe, which supply the manufacturing components, the French plant will strengthen Toyota's position to penetrate European market.

Emily Brontes Wuthering Heights - Not a Romance Novel :: Free Essay Writer

Wuthering Heights - Not a Romance Novel Emily Brontà «, author of Wuthering Heights, grew up in isolation on the desolate moors of Yorkshire, knowing very few people outside of her family. In the book, Brontà « contradicts the typical form of writing at the time, the romance, and instead composed a subtle attack on romanticism by having no real heroes or villians, just perceivable characters, and an added bit of a Gothic sense to the whole thing. Brontà « accomplishes this by presenting us with the anti-romantic personalities of Heathcliff and Edgar, main characters who are brutal and immoral monsters, who eventually die in the end. The novel's generally tedious atmosphere hardly creates a parallel to the typical romance where everything is laid out nice and neat and "near-perfect" to the reader, but rather takes place on the barren grasslands of England, where dreary weather and something else are present. Emily Brontà «'s utilization of the character Heathcliff contradicts the impression of romance. Heathcliff's pessimism and self-absorbtion is evident when he says, "Linton would be nothing, nor Hindley, nor all the dreams that ever I dreamt. Two words would comprehend my future - death and hell" (147, Brontà «). Heathcliff never reveals any "charm" like a romantic hero would, instead, he is abussive to everyone, " . The character Heathcliff is definitely not a romantic hero.   Edgar is also a very unromantic character. He really doesn't care what his love wants and becomes jealous and arrogant when he suggests that, "The kitchen [be] a more suitable place for [Heathcliff]" (96). Edgar hates the idea of Heathcliff being happy so he practically disallows Catherine from seeing him. Brontà «'s creation of a bleak mix of bad weather and a setting of barrenness in the story do not fit the romantic guidelines. This point is brought to attention early in the novel when Lockwood thinks that Wuthering Heights is, "So completely removed from the stir of society. A perfect misanthropist's heaven" (1). Here, she is describing what characters think of the country side, "Yesterday afternoon set in misty and cold. I had half a mind to spend it by my study fire instead of wading through heath and mud to Wuthering Heights" (14). Here again the country side is described, " there was no moon and everything beneath lay in misty darkness" (125).

Massage Speech Format -- essays research papers

Introduction: How many hours of sleep did you get last night? Not very many? Have you ever thought about why that might be? Your muscles might have been sore or just not been relaxed enough, or maybe there’s a lot of tension in your life right now. Whatever the reason, think twice next time before allowing yourself to get less rest than you really need. A short massage can help you’re rest and relaxation reach it’s most high. Proposition: Getting a massage regularly has numerous benefits for all people. I. Although the sports massage is the most well-known kind of massage, there are several others that can produce different physical, mental, and emotional results. A. There are over 21 different kinds of massaging methods, which include the following: Watsu, Esalen, Sports, Shiatsu, Swedish, Pfirmmer Deep Muscle Therapy, Neuromuscular Therapy, Jin Shin Do, Hakomi, Trager Psychophysical Integration, Myofascial Release, Trigger Point and Myotherapy, Polarity Therapy, On-site of Chair Massage, Craniosacral Therapy, Reiki, Manual Lymphatic Drainage, Deep Tissue Massage, Rolfing, and Thai massage or Nuad Bo-Rarn. B. The methods used range from being floated in a warm pool, to sitting on a chair, to creating your own massage by laying on top of a tennis ball. Transition: As you probably already know, massage is best known for it’s physical benefits. The different methods are used to pin-point certain body parts directly. But mental and...

A Discussion of Paulo Freire’s Banking Concept of Education Essay

Freire implies that teachers are only telling students what to know rather than conversting with them, which explains why Freire insists that â€Å"education is suffering from narration sickness†(Freire 71). This means that he believes that educators only fill student’s minds with information, that the teacher feels is important, without providing the students the meaning and personal relevance that information has. By using this method, the student is oppressed by the teacher and unable to fulfill a complete state of consciousness. I can remember several times in my educational experiences where I have been the â€Å"depository† in Freire’s Banking Concept of Education, but no experience is more relative than my Organic Chemistry class three years ago where I learned that problem-solving education is vastly superior to banking-education because it allows students to acquire true understanding of their world and the ability to reach consciousness. During the summer of 2009, I took a summer semester of Organic Chemistry at University of California Berkeley. When I first entered the lecture hall, there were masses of people fighting for seats and some even resided to sitting on the floor or going into the side room to watch the lecture on television. As soon as the clock hit 9:00 am, five faculty members walked into the room: Professor Francis and four Graduate Student Instructors (GSIs). From the start, Dr. Francis went over the course structure, what it entailed, and how we as students could obtain help. While he was going over the syllabus information, he made one point extremely clear: â€Å"I cannot answer your personal questions during lecture time. If you have questions, please visit me during my office hours or please ask one of the GSIs. † After making that point, he transitioned into his lecture on functional groups; however, I was not following him. I immediately knew that this would be a lecture-only class, and I knew that I would need to write down every single note, diagram, or graph he showed us and memorize it for future examinations. Freire would acclaim that I would become a â€Å"depository† because I would simply allow Professor Francis to deposit his ‘knowledge’ into my mind without further question or thought. I would become a slave, oppressed by the very person who was supposed to free me (Freire 74). Dr. Francis continued in his slide show and a large slide labeled ‘Hydrocarbons’ appeared on the screen, and below the title were several different organic hydrocarbon functional groups, such as alkenes, alkanes, alkynes, benzenes, and toluene. He discussed each hydrocarbon in great depth and showed us students how to recognize them based on their bond sequences and patterns, how they react in the presence of other organic molecules, and how their chemical bonds affect water. After an exhaustive lecture of copying everything he said into my 12Ãâ€"8 notebook, he announced that we must memorize all of the hydrocarbon groups, and to be able to recognize them for an exam setting. Never once did he explain what what makes them important. I raised my hand at the end of the lecture, and asked him what the application of hydrocarbons are in the ‘real-world’. He replied not to worry about that, and that we needed to be able to recognize them and know how they function chemically, not practically, and why would he take the time to explain how hydrocarbons function? In order for Dr. Francis to keep his job, Freire asserts that, â€Å"the teacher must assume all of his students as ignorant†(Freire 72). This implies that if Dr. Francis had gone straight to the point and explained why hydrocarbons were important in the real world and in a laboratory setting, he wouldn’t have a job. It was his job to pick out extremely detailed and ‘useless’ properties and functionalities of hydrocarbons and make them seem important to us. By continuing to explain and confuse us students, he was able to maintain a shroud of ignorance over the student body, and from this, he justifies his job as absolute. This is what Freire refers to as the â€Å"cycle of ignorance† that continuously allows the teacher to keep his job because society believes that the ignorant students need him for their self-betterment. For the next several weeks, I adhered to Dr. Francis’s ‘Banking Style of Education’, and it worked. I received an A on every exam and test I took because I memorized and accepted the information Dr. Francis gave me without second thought. Freire feels that my total submission to the instructor was the reason for my success because he suggests that â€Å"The more meekly the receptacles permit themselves to be filled, the better students they are†(Freire 72). Freire’s explanation worries me because to know is not to know. Just because I could recognize different functional groups, which in the banking concept would make me a better student, did not mean that I could apply my understanding of organic chemistry to a real life situation because I hadn’t been taught to apply the information to anything at all. My ignorance and inability to grasp the true meanings and concepts of organic chemistry became extremely clear in the laboratory because the lab is where students take all of their knowledge and apply it to solve a problem or set of problems. After the first quarter of the summer semester, the laboratory portion of the course opened. My first assignment was to estimate the bond angles of methane, and at first I had no idea what to do because I had only been instructed to recognize methane and its bonding patters. I was never asked to manipulate the molecule’s properties to gain further understanding, and this caused me to realize that I was flawed because the ‘knowledge’ that I acquired was not mine, but Dr. Francis’ deposits of impractical segments of knowledge. With no idea where to start my laboratory or how to assess the assignment, I asked the Teaching Assistant (TA) for help. She simply replied, â€Å"Think about what you know about methane’s properties, and manipulate your knowledge so you can measure the bond angle. Needless to say, this was not helpful because I had no idea how to apply my knowledge and understanding because I was not taught to. I was simply an object who, according to Freire, â€Å"is in the world,† implying that I was not conscious of my own being and awareness (Freire 78). This is why I allowed Dr. Francis to continue depositing information into me because he posed himself as my liberator, my educator, but he was my oppres sor. By not being able to use and apply my knowledge, my critical consciousness and inner will to understand began to diminish. This is why Freire announces, â€Å"The more students work at storing the deposits entrusted to them, the less they develop the critical consciousness which would result from their intervention in the world as transformers of that world†(Freire 73). Freire implies that students lose the will power, the motivation, to develop awareness when they are force-fed information, so he argues that students must develop this ‘critical consciousness’ themselves through problem solving. This is when I realized that Dr. Francis couldn’t and won’t teach me how to understand what I have learned; I needed to learn how to apply and master the information I was taught by myself, not some other individual. Education is supposed to empower individuals; however, since I was ‘in-the-world’ I let the banking concept oppress me and my true understanding of knowledge. I failed the first Organic Chemistry lab. I didn’t know how to solve the problems and apply my knowledge, nor did I have the willpower to, so I simply gave up. I was incredibly frustrated after the first lab, not because I couldn’t get the right answer, but because I couldn’t apply my knowledge to solve the problem. I spent the next several lectures gathering notes, expanding on them, and making sense of the information; however, I was still unable to understand the information in practical terms. My frustration grew because I felt that all my efforts studying information and memorizing its contents was wasted. How could education provide all of this knowledge that we, as students, are unable to apply? What was the point of education? At the time, I felt education was society’s largest flaw because it wasted the time and severed the creativity students put into it. Freire agrees with me because he argues, â€Å"The capability of banking education is to minimize or annul the students’ creative power†(Freire 73). This implies that Freire agrees that education is flawed because it severs student creativity; although, it does not answer why we must learn meaningless and impractical information obtained in our lives. Freire responds that not everyone will find meaning through their education; however, he believes that people should continue to pursue the parts of education that students find interesting, such as in a higher education setting (Freire 76). I knew most of the information that I obtained in chemistry was impractical for most individuals and even myself in a day-to-day scenario, but chemistry was interesting to me. It was something that I wanted to pursue and gain further understanding of because every piece of information left me wanting more. Giving up and throwing my knowledge away was not an option because I wanted and worked my entire life to make sense of what I learned in this world, and it keeps on changing and reshaping every day. As a last effort, I went to the tutoring help desk at the university to get help, so I could understand my information and knowledge and apply it to the lab. I was assigned a tutor, Kevin, and he brought me and two other students into a small concealed 10Ãâ€"10 room with a large foldup table in the middle. We all sat down and Kevin asked us what we needed help with. The other students didn’t look like they were forced to be there and kept quiet, so I took the opportunity to obtain help. I told him that â€Å"I have a hard time applying the lecture notes in the lab. † Kevin explained that my situation was very typical because the lectures and exams were based on memorization where the labs relied on the interaction between what you know and how to solve the problem. He brought out an organic chemistry book and questioned, â€Å"Why is water polar? I immediately responded that water is polar because the oxygen atom has more elections than the hydrogen atoms at any one time giving the hydrogen molecules a positive charge and the oxygen a negative charge. Kevin told me that I was right, but this occurred due to the extreme differences in electronegativity. We continued to solve problems together and critique one another on our answers, and from this he was teaching me and I was teaching him. Freire would call this interaction, â€Å"problem-solving-education† because â€Å"The teacher is no longer merely the-one-who-teaches, but one who is himself taught in dialogue with the students†(Freire 80). This implies that both teacher and student work together to solve problems, and by doing so, they gain a greater understanding of the topic. This is exactly what Kevin and I were doing because we were teaching each other and able to create a more significant understanding and meaning of chemistry that allowed me to visualize a topic and solve it logistically instead of memorizing the topic and solving it formulaically. This is why Freire belives that â€Å"the conditions under which knowledge at the level of the doxa is superseded by true knowledge, at the level of the logos†(Freire 81). Freire’s text implies that common knowledge and understanding (doxa) can be transformed into true mastery of the subject and reason (logos). Since Keven and I were taking basic information and each giving it new meaning in our problem-solving tutoring sessions, I was able to acquire a true mastery and understanding of chemistry. Working with Kevin several times a week gave me a true understanding and relation of chemistry, which allowed me to pass my lab course with an A. Overcoming the problems of the banking-concept and learning the problem-solving method changed my life forever. I took the problem-solving method that I learned with Kevin and applied it with other students, colleagues, professors, and friends, so I could continue to problem solve and gain true understanding of knowledge throughout my life. Problem-solving education continues to be vastly superior to banking-education because in addition to learning and understanding information, problem-solving-education forces individuals to retain information they acquire so they can apply for future use. Since I was able to take knowledge and apply my understanding of it, Freire would conclude this type of understanding as â€Å"being with the world†(Freire 78). Being with-the-world means that the individual is conscious of their surroundings and is able to fully interact in the world they are in. Instead of being an object or vessel, the individual is able to make conscious decisions and interpret the world as they see it. This induces self-freedom and liberation in a person because when a person learns something, they retain that information forever and no human being in the world can take that information away. It also provides a mental salvation because if the physical realm is too harsh to live in, those who have mastered problem-solving and acquired pure consciousness can escape from their physical realm into their consciousness where they have stored all of their memories, techniques, and information, and no person can get to them besides themselves.

About “Oh what a lovely war” the play by joan littlewood Essay

This classic play devised by Joan Littlewood and the Theatre Workshop takes a humorous and light-hearted walk through the history of World War One. The production brims with anecdotes, jokes, songs and dance, but we are never allowed to forget that the Great War was no joke, and are presented with a thought-provoking insight into the futility of war. It was written in the time of the swinging 60s, a time of rebellion from the youth against the conformities of their seniors. Especially when it came to the futility of war; the Vietnam War was on topic opinion. Unbeknown to popular belief this is not the reason Littlewood wrote her play. The production came to life through the combined efforts of director and actors in Joan Littlewood’s Theatre Workshop in 1963. They had been provoked by a BBC program with songs from WW I: ‘Terrible!’ – ‘Sentimental.’ – ‘All that feeling and no imagination.’ – ‘Pure nostalgia.’ – ‘They couldn’t sing like that stuck in a trench!’ – ‘Waiting for the next bomb to blow their heads off.’ These were the words of Littlewood and her actors. World War 1 was responsible for the deaths of 10 million people, the equivalent of a twin tower disaster every day for 4 years. From the play you receive a sense of near blind patriotism and hope which is exemplified through the songs such as good byee-ee. These moments contrasts from the heightened physicality like the drill sergeant. The drill sergeant character dimensions were he was a tall man, of the upper classes. His character dimensions differed from the soldiers he was trying to instruct. They were poor, low class and incompetent. Oh what a lovely war provides all the Elements of Drama. Six major elements of drama according to Aristotle: plot, character, theme, dialogue, music, spectacle. MC part, he tells a joke ‘have you heard the one about The great Von and his 3 daughters†¦Ã¢â‚¬  The MC controls all the action in the play. This is very similar to the Threepenny opera written by Bertolt Brecht and Kurt Weill’s. Both plays show their meaning through song s, like I don’t want to be a soldier and The Ballard of sexual imperative. A contrasting play would the naturalistic play of the children. Other than character dimensions I have learnt; Emotional Perception. The detection and apprehension of emotional states, feelings and reactions both in oneself and others. Emotional Recall and Expression. Emotional perceptions elicited from past experiences which can be used in understanding, portraying, and reflecting on the human condition and human behaviour. Guided Dramatic Play. Imaginative play stimulated by a trained leader. Nonverbal Communication. Communication without words using facial expression, gestures, and body language. Playing Space and Audience Space. An area for dramatic activities. A cleared space in a classroom without a designated place for observation by an audience. Theatrical production clearly establishes an acting area, or stage, and a designated audience area: proscenium (one side), thrust (three sides), area (four sides).

A Review On The Port Installations Architecture Essay

The move of the port installings to Punta Langosteira ( the outer port ) will enable a complete, original and functional re-thinking of the infinite made available. The bing industrial port?s reformation undertaking aims at bettering the sea forepart by presenting a bunch of originative and cultural industries ( cultural one-fourth ) in the metropolis Centre, as a accelerator for the metropolis and the three stages of the port. From this get downing point the thought is to recycle land that up to now was reserved for the port ‘s industrial activities and do it accessible for occupants to bask as new leisure countries. Commercial and culturally lead, green corridors and wide streets will all be projected to allow people come into direct contact with the sea. The site is Battery Quay, Calvo Sotelo North and South Quay, at the southern terminal of the gardens M & A ; eacute ; ndez N & A ; uacute ; & A ; ntilde ; ez and the Rosaleda, separated from them by the adjoining edifices. The reconstructing foreseen will open the gardens up to the sea and will enable people to walk freely up to the H2O ‘s border, turning the lone dock that is perpendicular to the metropolis ‘s frontage into a brilliant screening point.Brief Outline of User Requirements:Taking into history the whole of the docks, the Port of A Coru & A ; ntilde ; a has as a whole 219.6 estates for the different services. Due to the graduated table of the port, the procedure of regeneration has been divided into three different stages. Phase One: Battery Quay, Calvo Sotelo North and South Quay ( 22 estates ) Phase Two: San Diego Quay ( 98.8 estates ) Phase Three: Fishing basins, Marina and Anted & A ; aacute ; rsena basins ( 98.8 estates ) The convention Centre will be carefully thought out on the maestro program for as to where it will be situated, and so the remainder of the edifices will be arranged consequently and unite to do a Cultural Quarter ( 22 estates ) . The Cultural Quarter will incorporate a convention Centre, a public library, an exhibition infinite, a commercial Centre, a hotel, a athletics Centre, and a market topographic point. The Convention centres will be the cardinal edifice to the Cultural Quarter with adequate unfastened infinite to host public and private concern and societal events for its environing population country, and offer new chances to other concerns around Galicia and Spain. Enough floor country, and talk halls, will be provided to suit several thousand attendants and rent infinite for meetings such as corporate conferences, industry trade shows, amusements, an exhibition infinite and a concert hall.Proposed Location:Battery Quay, Calvo Sotelo North and South QuayOutside Advisers/clients to be used as beginnings of Mention:La Coru & A ; ntilde ; a metropolis council, and Port authorizationIntroductionSince the undertaking of the new Outer Port Facilities in Punta Langosteira, will be finished in 2012, all bing industrial activities in the port of A Coru & A ; ntilde ; a will be transferred during 2010 onto the new outer port, get downing with Battery Quay, Calvo Sotelo North and South Quay , hence supplying extra land to the metropolis Centre. The port of A Coru & A ; ntilde ; a, as focal point of the whole City, is critical to the publicity of European City aims. One grade of the European manner of civilisation is the concentration of civic, cultural and commercial life in metropolis centres, in a mode and manner related to the person and non to the auto. The port will make a prosaic friendly cultural one-fourth, and consolidate its place as a service and concern hub, which will go a oasis for tourers, concern work forces and with new utilizations for citizens. The environing country around the port contains a alone individuality and character with a contrast between new and old architecture. The graduated table and location of the port in relation to the metropolis besides highlights its importance and provides a safe and welcoming environment and contributed to turning A Coru & A ; ntilde ; a into a cosmopolite and forward-thinking metropolis.ContextOver the centuries, the coastline of A Coru & A ; ntilde ; a, a metropolis that looks out straight onto the Atlantic Ocean, exerted an resistless attractive force on Celts, Phoenicians and Romans. In the second century, they built the Tower of Hercules, today the universe ‘s lone working Roman beacon, the pride of the metropolis and declared as a World Heritage Site. In the ninth century, the metropolis suffered consecutive moving ridges of onslaughts by the Norman pirates. During the in-between Ages the population settled on the site that today is known as the Old Town. In 1208, Coru & A ; ntilde ; a received its metropolis charter from King Alfonso IX, who besides conferred a series of royal privileges on the metropolis. A twelvemonth after the Spanish Armada called in at the Port of A Coru & A ; ntilde ; a on its manner to occupy England, the Barbary pirate Francis Drake, a loyal retainer of Queen Elizabeth I of England attacked the metropolis, which was valorously defended by the people of A Coru & A ; ntilde ; a, led by the local heroine Mar & A ; iacute ; a Pita. During the Gallic invasion, A Coru & A ; ntilde ; a was the lone metropolis that stood up to the invading military personnels. Particularly worthy of reference is the Battle of Elvi & A ; ntilde ; a, which took topographic point on 16 January 1809 and during which General Sir John Moore was fatally hurt whilst supporting the metropolis. Today his remains are buried in San Carlos Gardens. The 17th and 18th centuries were marked by intense trading activity with America and legion Spanish and European ports. The nineteenth century was a clip rapid economic, cultural and urban development, reflected in the gallery windows that line Avenida de la Marina, the Modernist edifices and the Kiosco Alfonso†¦ in the twentieth century, the metropolis became a hive of activity, concentrating on civilization, advancement and the hereafter. The sea, a changeless figure in the history of the metropolis of A Coru & A ; ntilde ; a, is the first thing that strikes you when geting in the metropolis by sea, land and particularly by air. The arresting positions of the tidal estuary are genuinely unforgettable, but there is much more to detect.Old TownAs in every metropolis, the â€Å" Old Town † is an absolute must. Corners rich in history, squares where clip seems to hold stood still, such as Las B & A ; aacute ; rbaras or Azc & A ; aacute ; rraga, lined with ancient trees†¦ you can besides look up to glorious illustrations of Romanesque art in the churches dotted around this one-fourth. Churchs like the Collegiate Church of Santa Mar & A ; iacute ; a del Campo, a brilliant illustration of the Ogival Romanesque manner ; the churches of Santiago, San Francisco, the convents of Las B & A ; aacute ; rbaras and Santo Domingo are all true plants of art ; symbolic streets named after antediluvian clubs that transport us back in clip to a medieval and Baroque metropolis. In the Old Town you will happen absorbing antique stores, situated in a alone location wholly in maintaining with the objects they sell, every bit good as traditional tap houses and delicious eating houses. When dark falls this country is transformed into one of the hubs of the metropolis ‘s night life.From the Sea PromenadeThe Sea Promenade is the ideal point from which to get down researching the metropolis. It ‘s more than 13.5 kilometres, which make this the longest promenade in Europe, encircling the metropolis from San Ant & A ; oacute ; n Castle to El Porti & A ; ntilde ; o. It has a bike lane, ropeway, route and prosaic paseo. Get downing from San Ant & A ; oacute ; n Castle, you will be able to look up to the marina with its berthing positions and services, every bit good as the yachts and sailing ships that create a colourful sight all twelvemonth unit of ammunition.A metropolis to hold merriment inA Coru & A ; ntilde ; a has ever been noted for its outgoing and extravert character. Locals love to acquire out and about, basking an eventide amble, a shopping trip, traveling for tappa or meeting friends for a drink at the street caf & A ; eacute ; s in winter every bit good as in summer. In maintaining with Spain ‘s long-standing tradition of societal assemblages in caf & A ; eacute ; s, the metropolis ‘s occupants love to run into to chew the fat and discourse mundane events.The metropolis of glassIt ‘s good deserving taking the clip to research the metropolis Centre. Leave your auto and bask a amble around the streets, because this is a metropolis that is made for walking. The Centre forms the hub of the metropolis ‘s economic, commercial and cultural activity, with its busy port and sail line drive dock. The perfect get downing point and an absolute must on every visitant ‘s path is Plaza de Mar & A ; iacute ; a Pita, site of the City Hall and watched over by the statue of local heroine Mar & A ; iacute ; a Pita and the ageless fire. Yet possibly A Coru & A ; ntilde ; a is best-known for its glass fa & A ; ccedil ; ade that looks out onto the sea in Avenida de La Marina, gallery Windowss which are likely the finest illustration of this typical component of Galician architecture. The colonnades offer legion street caf & A ; eacute ; s and eating houses.Back to the seaA alone location -a peninsula stick outing out into the olympian sea- has provided this metropolis with its chief beginning of wealth: the port, one of the most of import in Europe. Yet the port has non merely determined the economic development of this metropolis, but has besides contributed to organizing its unfastened, tolerant character, and the welcoming nature of its dwellers. The freshest fish and shellfish heterosexual from the Galician tidal estuaries, much appreciated throughout Spain, are delivered daily at first visible radiation to A Coru & A ; ntilde ; a ‘s fish market. Fishermans and shellfish gatherers take portion in the auction: a complex linguistic communication and signaling system, crates of fish, a odor of salt, fish and shellfish. Voices are raised in an effort to acquire the best monetary value. Sightss and sounds that are decidedly non to be missed. Several mottos have been used to specify A Coru & A ; ntilde ; a: â€Å" the City of Glass † ; â€Å" the City where no 1 is a alien † ; â€Å" Balcony over the Atlantic † †¦ but possibly the 1 that best sums up the kernel of this metropolis is â€Å" A Coru & A ; ntilde ; a: a metropolis to come back to † .Site ( physical context )Site pickAll the docks cover a surface country of 219.6 estates, including metropolis, fishing and industrial maps. There is a clear division between the north docks, chiefly for urban usage, and the south docks, which are more focussed on big premiss usage. Due to the graduated table of the port, the procedure of regeneration has been divided into three different stages. Phase One: Battery Quay, Calvo Sotelo North and South Quay ( 22 estates ) Phase Two: San Diego Quay ( 98.8 estates ) Phase Three: Fishing basins, Marina and Anted & A ; aacute ; rsena basins ( 98.8 estates )The selected siteThe location of the site is on stage one, which is of the topmost importance to the regeneration of the port, a cardinal get downing point for A Coru & A ; ntilde ; a, to going a European metropolis, by presenting a accelerator ( cultural one-fourth ) for the metropolis and next communities. The location net incomes from brilliant permeableness and connectivity. The Rosaleda and Mendez Nu & A ; ntilde ; ez gardens rest beside the next listed and governmental edifices along the battery Quay. The edifices are the authorities deputation office, the marine military bid caput quarters, imposts chief office, the constabulary caput one-fourth, and Galicia ‘s port authorization caput quarters.Site informationThe site is besides located between the transatlantic quay where big sails Moor ( 54.575 riders last twelvemonth ) and Linares Quay ( 950 fishing boats last twelvemonth ) which holds A Coru & A ; ntilde ; a?s fish market which opens at 5am, at this clip of twenty-four hours the site gathers a peculiar and traditional odor of salt, fish and shellfish. The site is composed by three quays, Battery, Calvo Sotelo North and Calvo Sotelo South Quays all quays have rail paths. Battery quay is 277m long, with a draft of 11m and with two breadths of 23-55m. Its usage is for general goods, majorities and contains a roll-on/roll-off incline, with installings for the supply of H2O and electricity. The burden and download installings are prioritised for Pneumatic fluidnesss of cement and aluminum which are stored in seven cylindrical armored combat vehicles. The quay besides holds three commercial edifices Uni & A ; oacute ; n Fenosa Substation, Cement Silos Tudela Vegu & A ; iacute ; n and Aluminium Silos Alcoa Inespal and five official governmental edifices. Calvo Sotelo North Quay is 220m long, with a draft of 11-13m and a breadth of 20m. Its usage is besides for general goods, with two electrical gateway Cranes of 6tm and one electrical gateway Crane of 16tm. There are maritime and fishing installings an functionary edifice which is the Port Authority Vigilance Service and one commercial edifice, Tide graph of the Geographic and Property Values Institute. Calvo Sotelo South Quay is 420m long, with a draft of 7-10m and a breadth of 40m. Its usage is besides for general goods, with four electrical gateway Cranes of 6tm and one electrical gateway Crane of 16tm. There are besides maritime and fishing installings with a Cold-store Fruit Terminal Installations for the supply of H2O and electricity. The burden and download installings are prioritised for Pneumatic fluidnesss of cement, oils and fats pumping and vegetational oils pumps which are stored in 13 cylindrical armored combat vehicles. The site has two big warehouses and five commercial edifices Cement silos, Oil silos, Oils and fats silos, Transformation house of brotherhood FENOSA and Port authorization transmutation House. All the belongingss ( except the listed governmental edifices ) along the three quays are prefabricated warehouses ; each person edifice will be dismantled and taken over to the new outer port by the terminal of 2010. The lone staying edifices on the site will be the five listed authorities edifices, four cylindrical armored combat vehicles and six Cranes of 6tm.Ocular impactsThe combination of all three quays creates an impressive ocular impact due to the sheer size of the site. There are several ocular impacts between the graduated table of the edifices in the metropolis Centre and the narrow streets in relation to the huge broad plane along the site with big freak constructions such as the Cranes and oil oilers, and vass that berth along the quays. When walking along the metropolis you feels warm, sheltered, and safe but when you walk along the quays it ‘s wholly the antonym you feel intimidated by the milieus, entirely, little, cold, and lost when confronting towards the At lantic Ocean. These feelings are all generated by the characteristic beauty of the site, such impressive feelings caused due to the different graduated tables and huge ocular spreads towards the metropolis, port and the Atlantic Ocean.Designation of any bing jeopardiesLand conditions and jeopardiesAll three quays were built in 1927, a fixed platform, on piles. Since the intent of the quays are for storage countries with warehouses, and its aim is to unload and reload vass every bit rapidly as possible, the site is kept in good conditions, and any fixs are dealt with every bit shortly as possible, to cut down holds during the burden and unloading of the vass.TidesMaximum tidal movement/range: 4,50 m Quay walls with regard to the 0 of the maximal tidal tally: 6.50m Significant moving ridge height with a return period of 50 old ages: 11 m If there were moving ridges of up to 11m in the harbour country, moving ridges would be a jeopardy on the site. Since there was a little possibility of any tidal jeopardies, the quays were constructed with a little joust from the Centre of the quay towards the H2O border to coerce the H2O to run off back into the Atlantic Ocean. Given the current usage of the port is industrial the current air quality, noise, and light pollution are somewhat high. Although most of the noise pollution created on site are inside the warehouses, with 80+ dubnium ( A ) the chief route that runs along the dorsum of the site with 65 dubnium ( A ) and the countries where they load and download goods with 55 dubnium ( A ) and some countries with less than 45db ( A ) . The site creates no waste of residues, and little sums of light pollution since plants are done during the twenty-four hours. The air quality is somewhat higher since the fish market is following to the site.Environmental FactorsClimateWind form Predominating: N.E. Dominant: Second. The site?s clime is temperate maritime and to a great extent determined by the Atlantic Ocean ; nevertheless it does expose some features of a Mediterranean clime. Autumn and winter are frequently unsettled with temperature norms of 13 & A ; deg ; degree Celsiuss and up to 19 & A ; deg ; degree Celsiuss and unpredictable, with strong air currents and abundant rainfall off up to 600mm, coming from Atlantic depressions and it is frequently cloud-covered. The ocean supports temperatures mild, and hoar and snow are rare. In summer, it is rather dry and cheery with lone occasional rainfall ; temperatures are warm off up to 22 & A ; deg ; degree Celsiuss but seldom uncomfortably hot due to the sea ‘s cooling influence during the twenty-four hours. Spring is normally cool and reasonably composures. The site is to a great extent influenced by the clime, Sun visible radiation and twenty-four hours light since there are no next edifices for shelter or cut downing the strong air currents that penetrate the site freely from the South or north E.Design factors and chances and restrictions of the siteConservationThe site will incorporate 5 class 1 listed edifices, 4 grade 2 listed cylindrical armored combat vehicles, the rail paths and 6 Cranes which will be left one time all the bing installings are moved to the outer port. All listed edifices contain private gardens environing the belongings, consent will be necessary to integrate their land to the site and let a ocular and prosaic permeableness on the site. Urban design policies in the Local Development Frame Work ( LDF ) will be taken into history during the designing phase.MaterialsThe glass galleries on the Marina Avenue run perpendicular to the site, this architectural linguistic communication will play an of import function wi thin my design. The facade intervention will implement different combinations of nothingnesss, solids, coloring material, and texture to unify itself with the bing linguistic communication of the metropolis. Galicia?s have ever said that Windowss are picture frames.Site AccessAt the minute the site has a restricted entree for vehicles unless you are an employee, but prosaic entree is allowed on the port except the countries which are in private ain by companies, such as warehouses. The site contains two chief entree roads ; one is located on Lineras Rivas Avenue for big lorries, Cranes, and trucks and the other entree point is on the transatlantic quay for private vehicles. There is an bing rail paths that runs through the whole of the port and into each single quay, which is presently used to travel the Cranes along the quays and to transport transporting containers, and goods straight to the goods station of RENFE in San Diego ( the station inside the port ) . From this station depart the two available lines to Madrid ( Santiago-Ourense-Zamora and Lugo-Le & A ; oacute ; n-Palencia ) , with connexions to Ferrol, Vigo and Portugal. The chief train station of A Coru & A ; ntilde ; a is San Cristobal a 10 min drive by coach ( line1 ) from the port and has regular long-distance lines to Madrid, Barcelona, Bilbao and Ir & A ; uacute ; n, besides regional connexions to the remainder of Galicia. The seaport entryway is orientated to the North, with a breadth of 800m and a deepness of 21m and a maximal registered current of 0 knots. Pedestrian entree is located every 300m through electronic Gatess ; the Gatess are unfastened every twenty-four hours from 5am boulder clay 5pm. All the Gatess along the port have bus Michigans with line 1 which takes you around the metropolis Centre ; bus frequence is every 20 min to supply easy entree to the port. The site is merely 20m off from the ferry/cruise terminus ; direct entree is possible by auto and walking. The port besides has its ain fire station, police caput quarters, gasoline station and a little infirmary.BriefAn lineation briefThe move of the port installings to Punta Langosteira ( the outer port ) will enable a complete, original and functional re-thinking of the infinite made available. The bing industrial port?s reformation undertaking aims at bettering the sea forepart by presenting a bunch of originative and cultural industries ( cultural one-fourth ) in the metropolis Centre, as a accelerator for the metropolis and the three stages of the port. From this get downing point the thought is to recycle land that up to now was reserved for the port ‘s industrial activities and do it accessible for occupants to bask as new leisure countries. Commercial and culturally lead, green corridors and wide streets will all be projected to allow people come into direct contact with the sea. Cultural quarters are a manner of explicitly associating the growing of originative industries with urban regeneration aims. The convention Centre will be at the terminal of Calvo Sotelo North and South Quay facing towards the Atlantic Ocean, the remainder of the edifices will be arranged consequently and all unify to do a Cultural Quarter ( 22 estates ) . The Cultural Quarter will incorporate a convention Centre, a public library, an exhibition infinite, a commercial Centre, a hotel, a athletics Centre, and a market topographic point. The Convention centre will be one of the cardinal subscribers to the economic and cultural verve of the Cultural Quarter with adequate unfastened infinite to host public and private concern and societal events for its environing population country, and offer new chances to other concerns around Galicia and Spain. Enough floor country, and talk halls, will be provided to suit several thousand attendants and rent infinite for meetings such as corporate conferences, industry trade shows, amusements, an exhibition infinite and a concert hall.A Coru & A ; ntilde ; a?s metropolis and concern chanceA Coru & A ; ntilde ; a ‘s current population consists chiefly on ages between 40-80+ , most of the towns around A Coru & A ; ntilde ; a are dyeing due to the rapid decrease of angling industries in little towns, the undertaking aims at bettering the current population in A Coru & A ; ntilde ; a and offers a concern chance. These chances consists of four incorporate elements all of which ar e present, a demand, the agencies to carry through the demand, a method to use the agencies to carry through the demand and a method of benefit. As a modern, functional Convention Centre, it ‘s destined to go the new hub for the fiscal operations of the regional concern community. It will besides heighten the cultural and societal cloth of A Coru & A ; ntilde ; a and go a major tourer attractive force. Creative workers will be given to congregate in mixed-use vicinities with chances to work, unrecorded and socialise in one environment. The denseness of communicating and interaction in this environment allows people to quickly portion thoughts, learn and bring forth a worm community.SustainabilityA sustainable metropolis is a liveable metropolis, peculiar and created by its dwellers, in melody with its local clime, civilization and operations. The creative activity of a generic solution is hence merely possible on a really abstract degree, and the coevals of a method for a sustainable metropolis merely interesting and valuable when applied to a existent universe scenario. The maestro plan?s construct will be developed for an attack to sustainable determination devising for plan ( denseness, type, distribution etc ) , mass, logistics, and quality of environment. Using this needfully becomes a procedure instead than merely a set of regulations.Expectations on the quality to be achieve dThe architectural attack to plan the convention Centre will be a softer, more fluid, sculptural mode. The undertaking and maestro program will make a beautiful working environment, for employees and new/existing communities, and take advantage of its location, non merely physically but besides visually and increase its natural beauty with green infinites, green corridors, difficult and soft landscapes, unfastened activities and direct entree to the H2O border. The internal plan and construction has to be carefully planned out so that all internal and external infinites relate to each other in an orderly mode, so that the prosaic flow is simple and big groups can travel through the edifice easy. Due to the location of the site and its exposure to the Atlantic Ocean, salt, enduring, eroding, air current, solar, north and south confronting frontages particular considerations will be made on the quality of the stuffs and coatings to forestall extra hereafter costs. The edifice has to hold a crisp high quality coating. The ocular impact is really of import for the edifice as it will be stand foring the metropolis worldwide. It ‘s of import that the convention Centre, and the cultural one-fourth has a strong relationship with the metropolis, so that they become a individual community. The maestro program will be arranged so that edifices provide a sense of protection like in the metropolis Centre, and the unfastened infinites will seek to stand for the current feeling of the site, with huge unfastened infinites. A great event is all in the inside informations.A diagrammatic analysis of the functional countries and their relationshipsThe chief entryway leads you straight onto a convention square/ exhibition infinite and the administrative offices. The ball room/concert hall is located near the entryway due to its plan and opening times. This type of agreement creates an entryway hub were after working hours the convention Centre could shut its chief sectors of the edifice and still run swimmingly when the ball room is in usage. Beside the chief entryway is the chief anteroom, sofa and concern Centre. The concern Centre is composed of several degrees of unfastened program floors for companies and trim office infinite for day-to-day rental infinite, the concern Centre would be unfastened 24/7 therefore it needs to be near to the entryway hub. The edifice plan contains three paths: the first path leads to the chief auditorium, the 2nd path leads you to the chief eating house, and the 3rd path le ads you to the chief exterior exhibition space/public square. The first path is linked by a short gallery paseo that leads you to the chief auditorium anteroom and auditorium. On the gallery paseo there is direct entree to the hotel or adjustment units. A little ( national ) ferry terminus could be incorporated to the hotel along the Calvo Sotelo North or south quay, to boot, there will be 6 lading docks, offering direct drive-on entree into exhibit halls. The 2nd path is linked by the chief gallery paseo that leads you to the chief eating house which will keep up to 200 seats, with a private entree point. The eating house will be buffet or a la menu. The chief gallery paseo besides leads you to the exhibition halls 1-4 ; one of the four exhibition halls will hold a system of movable walls to change over a individual hall into two single halls. Each hall will hold its ain services such as lavatories. The 2nd auditorium is following to the chief eating house which is besides linked by the chief gallery paseo, above the 2nd auditorium there is a patio meeting room, and two twenty-four hours eating houses and four jailbreak blocks to loosen up prior or after each convention. The jailbreak blocks will hold positions towards the metropolis Centre, or the Atlantic Ocean to make a peaceable environment to loosen up in. The 3rd path takes you onto an exterior exhibition space/public square were anyone can go to any convention. There will be lasting sculpture pieces set on the exterior infinite. The convention Centre will offer big immediate exhibit infinites. The construction of the edifice needs to be carefully studied, streamlined columns will be used to cut down the maximal figure of columns and supply a column-free infinite in selected countries. One of the exhibit halls will hold to supply a flexible infinite, glass-enclosed with sweeping positions of the metropolis Centre, seaport, and the Atlantic Ocean with an industry standard event floor, so that the room becomes flexible for any type of event, and activity runing from upscale responses to exhibits. The edifice will besides feed signifier all the environing edifices such as the chief hotel, the public library, the athletics Centre, the commercial Centre, an exhibition infinite and the market place/square. The maestro program will hold restricted entree for vehicles, and motor rhythms merely. Except constabulary, ambulances, fire brigade, disable vehicles, and all other services to the edifices such as care, bringings etc. There will be a chief parking hub to serve all edifices, the parking hub will be sheltered and the roof will go portion of the landscape. The hub will be connected with a frequent ropeway line that runs through the site and Michigans in each person edifice, the ropeway will utilize the bing rail path line on the site. List of major suites in the convention CentreConvention squareAdministration officesMain anteroom, sofaBusiness CentreGallery paseosBall room/concert hallHotelFerry terminusExhibition hall 1A -1BExhibition hall 2,3,4Auditorium anteroomMain auditoriumsAuditoriums 2Main eating house ( siting 200+ )Day restaurant 1Day restaurant2Breakout block 1-4Terrance meeting roomThere will be one chief entryway and two secondary entrywaies. All the suites are spread over 3 floors, and linked by a chief gallery paseo.Analysis of the brief with relation to the siteThe benefits for A Coru & A ; ntilde ; a The maestro program will bring forth a sustainable procedure and regulations which will subsequently be applied to the convention Centre and the remainder of the Cultural Quarter edifices. The proposal will offer a choice cultural one-fourth that embraces the metropolis with a dedicated bunch of originative and cultural industries, and public infinites. Adding character to the metropolis of A Coru & A ; ntilde ; a with new chances to work and socialise in one environment. The undertaking will consolidate A Coru & A ; ntilde ; a?s repute as a cultural finish while supplying an iconic architectural image for the metropolis. Phase 2 and 3 will be chiefly social/private lodging offering the metropolis and the cultural one-fourth with a new lodging community near the metropolis Centre. All three stages will cultivate, adapt and make a balance community to the altering demands of the metropolis of A Coru & A ; ntilde ; a, and Galicia.The Cultural One-fourth:Enrich our cultural life by pulling internationally acclaimed public presentations and exhibitions ;Raising local humanistic disciplines endowment and make more chances for humanistic disciplines groups ;Enhance international cultural exchange ;Put a Coru & A ; ntilde ; a on the universe humanistic disciplines and civilization map ;Supply state-of-the-art public presentation locales and museums ;Offer more picks to humanistic disciplines frequenters ;Encourage creativeness ;Enhance the seaport forepart ;Attract abroad visitants ; andCreate occupations.Design issuesExisting undertakings and the subjects of the solutions, which identify the architectural q ualities of the undertakingWest Kowloon Cultural District: An icon for civilization and leisureA new cultural territory for Hong KongThe West Kowloon Cultural District ( WKCD ) will be a landmark development that enhances Hong Kong ‘s place as a universe metropolis of civilization. The new cultural territory will convey together a vivacious mix of acting and ocular humanistic disciplines. The 40-hectare waterfront site will be both a collector's item for urban design and a meeting point for the local and international humanistic disciplines communities. In this bunch of locales and unfastened infinite, long-run commercial, community and cultural partnerships will promote a lively humanistic disciplines scene for coevalss to come. Based on the rule of â€Å" partnership † , the WKCD will be â€Å" community-driven † and â€Å" people-oriented † . A expansive canopy, supplying shadiness and shelter for the installations below, will do the composite a new Hong Kong icon. With its sinuously fluxing signifier, this characteristic was, in February 2002, chosen by an international jury from over 160 entries as the victor of an international construct program competition. It was adopted as the footing for ask foring proposals from the market in September 2003. By June 2004, five proposals had been received, three of which met the basic demands. These proposals are now being assessed.The nucleus installationsThree theaters with at least 2,000, 800 and 400 seats severally ;A public presentation locale with at least 10,000 seats ;A bunch of four museums at least 75,000 square meters in size ;An art exhibition Centre at least 10,000 square meters in size ;A H2O amphitheater ;At least four plaza ; andA canopy covering at least 55 % of the development country.Other high spotsThe territory will incorporate commercial and residential develo pment into the humanistic disciplines, cultural and leisure installations. This incorporate attack will guarantee more visitants and convey benefits to all the sectors involved. The territory will hold at least 20 hectares of parkland and public unfastened infinite, an country larger than Victoria Park. The waterfront promenade will be 50 % longer than the promenade from the Tsim Sha Tsui clock tower to the Hong Kong Coliseum. An machine-controlled people mover will associate the major installations within the territory while public conveyance will associate the territory with the concern bosom of Kowloon. Information gathered from: hypertext transfer protocol: //www.archicentral.com/norman-foster-to-help-design-cultural-hub-in-hong-kong-22437/ hypertext transfer protocol: //www.hplb.gov.hk/wkcd/eng/publ†¦ tion/intro.htmSan Diego Convention CentreThe San Diego Convention Center is the primary convention centre in San Diego, California. It is located in the Marina territory of downtown San Diego near the Gaslamp Quarter, at 111 West Harbor Drive. The centre is managed by the San Diego Convention Center Corporation, a non-profit public benefit corporation. The convention centre offers 57,200 m? of exhibit infinite. As of 2009 it was the 24th largest convention installation in North America. [ 1 ] It was designed by Canadian designer Arthur Erickson. Capacity for the installation is 125,000. [ 1 ] The centre ‘s most distinguishing characteristic is the Sails Pavilion, a 90,000 square pes exhibit and particular event country. The Sails Pavilion ‘s roof consists of typical Teflon-coated fibreglass â€Å" canvass † intended to reflect San Diego ‘s maritime history, every bit good as to publicize the centre ‘s propinquity to the San Diego shore. The Pavilion was originally built as an alfresco installation under the roof. However, the centre found it difficult to convert possible users to book an alfresco installation, so the Pavilion country was enclosed in glass, greatly spread outing the useable country of the centre. [ 2 ]Reid, Calvin ( July 27, 2009 ) . â€Å" Soldout in San Diego: Another Booming Comic-Con † . Publishers Weekly ( Reed Elsevier Inc. ) . hypertext transfer protocol: //www.publishersweekly.com/article/CA6673130.html. Retrieved 27 July 2009By Wright, Gordon Publication: Building Design & A ; Construction Date: Monday, Januar y 1 2001 â€Å" Buttoning up † . hypertext transfer protocol: //www.allbusiness.com/construction/nonresidential-building-construction/7460303-1.htmlInformation gathered from: hypertext transfer protocol: //en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Diego_Convention_CenterDavid L. Lawrence Convention CenterThe David L. Lawrence Convention Center ( DLLCC ) is a 1,500,000-square-foot ( 139,000m2 ) convention, conference and exhibition edifice in business district Pittsburgh in the U.S. province of Pennsylvania. Completed in 2003, it sits on the southern shoreline of the Allegheny River. It is the first LEED-certified convention centre in North America and one of the first in the universe. [ 1 ] It is owned by the Sports & A ; Exhibition Authority of Pittsburgh and Allegheny County. [ 2 ]AbstractionDesigned by Rafael Vi & A ; ntilde ; oly Architects, P.C. , Dewhurst MacFarlane & A ; Spouses and Goldreich Engineering P.C. , the $ 354 million riverfront landmark contains 29,100m2 of exhibit infinit e 22,000m2 of which is column-free, 7,100m2 of extra exhibit infinite, 2,940m2 dance hall, 51 meeting suites, two 250-seat talk halls, teleconferencing and telecommunications capablenesss and 420m2 of retail infinite. The designer, Vi & A ; ntilde ; oly, began the design with a end in head of accomplishing the position of a â€Å" green † edifice. In 2003, the edifice was awarded Gold Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design ( LEED ) enfranchisement by the U.S. Green Building Council. [ 1 ] The convention centre is home to outstanding conventions, such as Anthrocon, the Pittsburgh RV Show, Pittsburgh Boat Show, Pittsburgh Home and Garden Show, Piratefest, and the acclaimed Pittsburgh International Auto Show.â€Å" David L. Lawrence Convention Center. † . David L. Lawrence Convention Center. hypertext transfer protocol: //www.pittsburghcc.com/cc/ . Retrieved October 10, 2009.â€Å" History † . www.pgh-sea.com. Sports & A ; Exhibition Authority of Pittsburgh and Allegheny County. 9/1/09. hypertext transfer protocol: //www.pgh-sea.com/history.htm.Information gathered from: hypertext transfer protocol: //en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_L._Lawrence_Convention_CenterBarcelona International Convention Center ( CCIB )The International convention centre is located in the metropolis Centre of Barcelona and was completed in 2004 ; with a floor are 67000 m? . The designer is Mateo Arquitectura, illuming interior decorator Biosce & A ; Botey, structural applied scientist B rufau, Obiol, Mayo & A ; Ass and the client is Barcelona?s council. This multi-purpose cultural edifice includes a really big auditorium, a multi-functional acting infinite, exhibition infinites, meeting suites, and a eating house and anteroom, in add-on to proficient services, lading docks, storage infinites, and auto parking on two degrees. It was portion of the controversial 2004 Universal Forum of Cultures in Barcelona and has 45 translucent halls, spread over 3 floors, 2 first balconies and a cellar. The CCIB and the adjacent edifice Forum Auditorium ( by Swiss designers Herzog and De Meuron ) , are linked to each other by a 20-meter-wide belowground paseo. Mateo ‘explains ‘ : â€Å" I have gone back to loving the preciseness of Fe: normal, but monstrous, commonplace but non domestic, superhuman. The mega construction is seen proudly in the East fa & A ; ccedil ; ade, opposite the elegant adjacent trigon. The castanetss are covered in the remainder of the edifice. † Information gathered from: hypertext transfer protocol: //www.mimoa.eu/projects/Spain/Barcelona/International % 20Convention % 20Center % 20 ( CCIB )Vancouver Convention Centre WestThe Vancouver convention Centre has a harbour forepart location and breathless positions ; the Vancouver Convention Centre offers one of the most beautiful scenes in the universe. The add-on of our new West Building has tripled our capacity, for a combined sum of 43,800 m? of meeting, exhibition, dance hall, and plenary theater infinite. Both the East and West Buildings are designed as a series of faculties to offer the highest grade of flexibleness. This new combination besides allows us to keep coincident events, each with their ain separate entree and map infinite. Add first category culinary art, the most advanced engineering and an exceeding sustainability authorization and your event is certain to be nil less than remarkable.AbstractionInspiration can come from about anyplace. That ‘s why we ‘ve tried to transfuse as many animating experiences into our installation as we can. Not merely will your meeting take topographic point in one of the most alone scenes in the universe, but the edifice itself has been designed from top to bottom to open heads and provender imaginativenesss. A figure of sustainable patterns and environmentally-conscious design characteristics make the Vancouver convention centre one of the greenest convention centres in the universe. Information gathered from: hypertext transfer protocol: //www.vancouverconventioncentre.com/thefacilities/